Stack #96183
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| cells | basic unit of life
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| cell therory | fundamental concept of biology; it states....
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
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| Robert Hooke | published book that contained his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first mircroscopes.
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | observes tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope
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| Matthias Schleiden | concludes that all plants are made up of cells
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| Theodor Schwann | concludes that all animals are made up of cells
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| Rudolph Virchow | proposes that all cells come form existing cells, completing the cell theory
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| Lynn Margulis | proposes tha idea that certain organelles were once free-living cells themselves
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| nucleus | large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cells' genetic material (DNA); controls many of the cell's activities
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| Eukaryotes | -True
-Membrane
-Nucleus
-Organelles
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| Prokaryotes | -Primitive
-No membrane
-No nucleus
-No bound organelles
-Examples:
o Bacteria
o Virus
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| organelles | tiny organs; found in cytoplasm
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| cytoplasm | cell fluid; gel substance contains tiny organs
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| nuclear envelope | surrounds nucleus; composed of 2 membranes; dotted with thousands of nuclear pores;
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| chromatin | can be seen in the nucleus; consistes of DNA bound to protein; most of the time is spread thought the nucleus; when cell divides, it condenses to form chromosomes
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| chromosomes | distinct, thread-like structures contain the genetic information that is passes from one generation of cells to the next
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| nucleolus | small, dense region inside nucleus; where the assemly of ribosomes begins
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| Ribosomes | small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm and on RER; produce proteins by following coded insrtuction that comes from the nucleus
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| endoplasmic reticulum | transfers protein in cells
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| Golgi apparatus | ACTS AS MAIL BOX FOR CELL;disocered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi; modifies, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
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| lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes; helps with digestion, or breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
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| vacuoles | saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
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| mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compunds that are more convenient for the cell to use
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| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
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| cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape; also involved in movement
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| centrioles | located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division; NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS!
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| cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell; regulates what enters and leabes the cell and provides protection and support
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| cell wall | a strong supporting layer around the membrane; main function is to provide support and protection
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| lipid bi-layer | the composition of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet called...
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| concentration | the mass of solute in a giben volume of soultion, or mass/volume
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| diffusion | the process in which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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| equilibrium | when the concentration of the soulute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached.....
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| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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| isotonic | when he concentrations of water and sugar will be the same on both sides of the membrane
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| hypertonic | "above strength"; NEED MORE
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| hypotonic | "below strength"; NEED MORE
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| facilitated diffusion | during THIS, molecules, such as glucose, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane's lipid bi-layer on their own move through protein channels instead
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| active transport | ????
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| endocytosis | the process of takin material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane
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| phagocytosis | when extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole
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| pinocytosis | when cells take up liquid form the surround encironment; tiny pockets orm along the clee membrane, fill with loquid, and pinchoff to form vacuoles within the cell
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| exocytosis | when cells release large amounts of material from the cell; the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membran, forcing the contents out of the cell
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| cell specialization | when cells throughout an organism can developin different ways to perform different tasks
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| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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| organ | when may groups of tissues wrk together
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| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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