CCI exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Longitudinal, Mechanical. Since a sound wave is a disturbance that is transported through a medium via the
mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is characterized as a mechanical wave. Longitudinal
waves are waves in which the motio
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| Vagal stimulation of the heart will? | show 🗑
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| What does each prefix mean? ab, acro, epi, cyan, intra, supra, brady, peri, leuk, end, auto | show 🗑
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| show | ASD surgery is mainly considered when the Qp/Qs >1.5 The size of an atrial septal defect is typically described in
terms of the ratio between pulmonary blood flow(Qp) and systolic blood flow(Qs)
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| How many Lung lobes are there typically on the left and right sides of the sternum? | show 🗑
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| What is the average speed of sound in soft tissue, bone and air? | show 🗑
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| show | athro-joint, cardio-heart, hemo-blood, neuro-nerve, rhin-nose, thromb-clot, viscer-organ, myco-fungus,
laparo-abdomen, path-disease
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| What is the frequency of ultrasound? What is the frequency of Infrasound? | show 🗑
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| Can you describe the myocardium? | show 🗑
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| The RV is approximately how many times thinner than the LV? | show 🗑
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| What is a specular reflector? What is a nonspecular reflector? | show 🗑
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| What layer of the heart makes the heart contract? What is the thick middle layer of the heart called? | show 🗑
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| What does each suffix mean? algia, centisis, desis, ectomy, itis, ostomy, plasty, oma, scopy, & megaly. | show 🗑
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| show | Transmit a certain frequency which is the first harmonic and then processes the next harmonic at twice the
frequency. 3MHz because, the first frequency was 3MHz the second higher frequency would be 6MHz.
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| Name the two major types of harmonic imaging? | show 🗑
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| What are these measurements of? 1)mm 2)cc 3)cm squared | show 🗑
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| How many centimeters are in a meter? How many cubic centimeters in 3.56 cubic meters? What is 3/8 converted to a decimal? How many centimeters are in 2 meters? | show 🗑
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| How many elements does a CW transducer need to operate? | show 🗑
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| show | Mid systolic click
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| show | No, here is the correct increasing order: micro, milli, centi, deci, hecto, kilo.
Kilo=1000, Giga=Billion, mega=million
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| show | Pericarditis
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| show | Collateral circulation is a network of tiny blood vessels, and, under normal conditions, not open. When the
coronary arteries narrow to the point that blood flow to the heart muscle is limited (coronary artery disease),
collateral vessels may enlarge an
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| What is the damping material used for in a transducer? How does damping influence the bandwidth and Q factor? | show 🗑
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| Can you describe the Endocardium? | show 🗑
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| How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius? How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit? Normal oral body temperature is 98.6F, What is the equivalent in Celsius? | show 🗑
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| show | Pericardial knock
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| What is the Doppler effect? What is the Doppler shift? | show 🗑
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| A patient with a PDA may have what type of murmur? | show 🗑
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| Can aliasing occur with normal blood flow using color flow doppler? | show 🗑
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| show | The wall of a normal artery is made up of three parts. The external part, called the tunica adventitia or externa, is
thin and very strong. The middle part, called the tunica media, is thick and contains muscle fibers. The inner part,
called the tunica
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| The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard, Level 1 -4. What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | 44%=.44, 8 is 2.5% of 320, 2/3 divided by 5 is 2/15, the product of 2/3,1/5,3/6 is 1/15
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| show | True
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| What factor involving the wavelength and frequency will improve axial resolution? | show 🗑
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| show | 40% of 200 is 80.
1.0x10 to the 5th power is 100,000. To clean the whole boat will take 7 and 1/2 hours.
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| List two common findings in a patient with the connective tissue disorder Marfans Syndrome. What valvular jet is often observed? | show 🗑
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| show | The Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid and Left subclavian arises from the aortic arch in the thoracic
region.
The common carotid artery is often used in measuring the pulse, especially in patients who are in shock and who
lack a detectable pu
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| show | 1-Always get adequate assistance when needed. 2-Use lower body strength(legs) they are strongest. 3-When
moving an ambulatory patient from wheelchair to bed- bend knees, and put one foot between the patient's legs and
the other close to the bed. Turn yo
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| show | Axial-Able to resolve two closely spaced structures that are parallel to the direction sound is traveling.
Lateral-Resolve closely spaced structures that are perpendicular to the beam
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| show | The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that
supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it is
emerges, the brachioce
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| show | Lock big wheels using the wheel locks. The foot rests must be moved aside or removed completely to prevent
tripping. Back into the elevator so you can make a quick and safe exit
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| show | 100 mW/cm2 SPTA (Spatial Peak Temporal average)
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| show | Takayasu's arteritis (also known as "Aortic arch syndrome," and "Pulseless disease") is an inflammatory disease
with an unknown cause. It affects the aorta, the main blood vessels that attach to it. Inflammation of the aorta and
major derivative branche
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| What is the purpose of Isometric exercises like the hand grip? | show 🗑
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| What are the three main methods of oxygen administration used in a medical setting? | show 🗑
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| show | Coronal plane separates front and back of the body. Transverse plane divides upper and lower body. Sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left sides. Dorsal= Posterior, Ventral=Anterior, Cranial=Superior, Caudal=Inferior
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| show | Expansion and contraction of micro bubbles which may cause tissue damage. Stable is the safe cavitation.
Transient is a more violent form which is bad
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| What is the most common mechanical prosthetic valve? | show 🗑
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| show | The vagal stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system can cause a decrease in the rate at the SA node and
can also decrease the excitability of the AV junction fibers. This causes a slowing of the heart rate, and in severe
cases a complete blockag
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| What are the precordial leads? What is the location of the 10 electrode (12 Lead) placement of the precordial leads? | show 🗑
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| What is TGC and what does it do? | show 🗑
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| show | The Digestive system
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| What type of valves is the Hancock? What type of valve is the Ionescu-Shiley? | show 🗑
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| What % of accuracy is a standard TM (treadmill)? | show 🗑
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| What is the advantage and disadvantage of a mechanical valve vs. a bioprosthetic valve? | show 🗑
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| What is the unit for attenuation? Name three causes of attenuation in soft tissue? Which is the most major cause of attenuation in soft tissue? Describe attenuation as it pertains to Decibel? | show 🗑
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| What term would correspond to the list of terms? 1.Toward midline 2. Away from midline 3.Close to a location 4.Farther away from the location | show 🗑
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| Name four acoustic variables? | show 🗑
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| T/F A common inflammatory finding with post surgery bioprosthetic valve replacement is they usually are at least 2mm thick? | show 🗑
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| show | The heart is composed primarily of muscle tissue. A network of nerve fibers coordinates the contraction and
relaxation of the cardiac muscle tissue to obtain an efficient, wave-like pumping action of the heart. 1. Sinoatrial
Node(SA node or sinus node)
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| When a patient is in respiratory distress, what are a few ways in which they could be positioned to help with breathing? | show 🗑
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| If a patient is in shock, what would be a good position to put them in? | show 🗑
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| show | Right heart-Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right heart,(RA
through the SVC and IVC). Then pumped through the TV, into the RV.Then pumped through the Pulmonic valve
into the pulmonary artery. Arteri
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| show | Bulk modulus(stiffness) and density. stiffness has the largest influence. Increasing sound propagation speed- Gas -
Liquid - Solid
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| What type of graft transplant would demonstrate replacing the aortic valve in the heart with another persons aortic valve? | show 🗑
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| show | d. Current, The law stating that the direct current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference between its ends. It is usually formulated as
V = IR, where V is the potential difference, or voltage, I is the current, and
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| At a fat-tissue/ muscle interface approximately what percent of the ultrasound beam would be transmitted? Why? | show 🗑
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| In performing CPR on an adult what is the recommended breath to compression ratio? What ratio for a child or infant? What is the chest landmarking? What guidline is used for AED use? | show 🗑
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| What are four sounds heard by using a stethoscope? What are the grades of a murmur? | show 🗑
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| show |
Fever/chills. A patient with endocarditis is at risk of vegetations
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| show |
1. Above infusion site 2. Below the waist
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| Approximately how much sound energy would be reflected at a soft-tissue(skin)/ air interface? Why? | show 🗑
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| show |
Atrial side
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| show |
Yes
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| Staphylococcus Aureus is most commonly found in what type of patients? What side of the heart is most effected? | show 🗑
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| show | Malpractice is defined as bad or harmful practice that injures another person. Consent is permission granted by a
person voluntarily and in sound mind. Code of Ethics is to determine what is moral, it is your obligation to do
good.
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| show | d. 500 milliliters
Here are the metric measurements of volume.The basic unit is the liter. A liter measures approximately a quart (1 liter = 1.056 qt.)
There are 1000 liters in a kiloliter, and 1000 milliliters in a liter.Other units of volume and their
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| show | Infection, radiation therapy, metastatic disease
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| show | What is the frequency range for clinical imaging?
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| show |
It can produce Cardiac Fibrillation- a life threatening arrhythmia
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| A measure of the total opposition to current flow in an alternating current circuit, measured in ohms defines: a. Voltage b. Impedance c. Inductance d. Capacitance | show 🗑
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| As frequency increases, axial resolution will? | show 🗑
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| What is Tamponade? | show 🗑
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| show |
Liability means we are legally responsible for our actions toward patients. Negligence means to not do something
we should or do something we should not. QAP's purpose it to monitor and help patients receive optimal care.
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| How does inspiration effect the mitral and tricuspid valve during a tamponade? | show 🗑
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| show | 1). Records are kept on all clients receiving care or treatment. 2). The chart is considered the property of the
facility. 3). Do not chart before the event occurs
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| What are the three layers of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show |
Decibels, The range of gray scale between the lowest and the highest magnitude signals the ultrasound system can
detect
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| show |
Increase. Frequency and attenuation are directly related meaning as frequency increases attenuation will also
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| show |
Long standing effusion
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| Name the government agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use? | show 🗑
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| Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart can? | show 🗑
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| show |
Intensity
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| show |
>10mmHg decrease in systolic pressure gradient during inspiration
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| When documenting in a computer chart, is it ok to use general non specific statements? | show 🗑
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| show |
c. Atrioventricular gradient
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| What are most hospital safety requirements for power cables and electronic equipment like EKG and Echo machines? What if sparks fly when you plug in a machine? | show 🗑
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| show | RV wall diastolic collapse. Pericardial centesis(Tap) to drain the fluid
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| Which of the following doppler frequencies 18MHZ, 7MHZ, 2MHZ, 2.5MHZ would result in the shallowest penetration depth? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following will markedly elevate right ventricular systolic pressure? a. Infundibular stenosis b. Pulmonic insufficiency c. Constrictive pericarditis d. Patent ductus arteriosus | show 🗑
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| a patient feels faint during a blood draw or IV insertion, what might help? | show 🗑
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| The label on a large aspirin bottle reads 1 tab, 5 grains. Dr. Jeffrey Lux Felbeet (JLF) prescription reads aspirin grains XV every 4 hours. How many tablets should be taken according to Dr. JLF? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 7 e. 1.5 f. 6 | show 🗑
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| The largest Doppler shift occurs when the beam strikes at what angle? | show 🗑
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| show | 1)Pericardial knock sound 2)Atrial or spanish notch on m-mode
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| What is the BEST indicator of the exact moment the aortic and pulmonary valves open? a. R wave on the ECG b. C wave on the atrial pressure tracing c. Dicrotic notch on the atrial pressure waveform d. Beginning of systolic rise on the arterial pressur | show 🗑
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| A patient has a cardiac output of 5 L/min.and a heart rate of 75 bpm.If stroke volume remains constant,what will be the effect of an increase in heart rate to 150 beats per minute? Cardiac output would:a.Triple b.Increase to 10 L/min.c.Increase to 25 L/mi | show 🗑
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| Describe aliasing? Can aliasing only occur with pulsed doppler systems? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| What three factors influence resistance to blood flow? What vessel has the greatest influence on total vascular resistance? | show 🗑
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| show | a. Left atrium. Myxomas account for 40-50% of primary cardiac tumors. Approximately 90% are solitary and
pedunculated, and 75-85% occur in the left atrial cavity. Up to 25% of cases are found in the right atrium.Myxomas
are polypoid, round, or oval. The
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| The normal range for white blood cell count in adult males (per cubic millimeter) is approximately: a. 500 - 1,000 b. 5,000 - 10,000 c. 10,000 - 20,000 d. 50,000 - 100,000 e. 500,000-1,000,000 | show 🗑
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| What are three types of electrical injury involving hands and feet? Which of the three is considered the most deadly? | show 🗑
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| What information does the spectral analysis provide? | show 🗑
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| What is Pulmonary HTN? What side of the heart does Pulmonary HTN effect? What are three things associated with PHTN | show 🗑
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| show |
c. Respiratory acidosis- ABG Fio2= 40% (respiratory) also note the pH is in the acidic range. Respiratory acidosis
is a medical condition in which decreased respiration (hypoventilation) causes increased blood carbon dioxide and
decreased pH (a condit
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| show |
a. LVH
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| show |
True, True
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| What does FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) do to ultrasound signals? | show 🗑
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| show |
A change in intracardiac pressure. RA 2-8, RV 15-30/2-8, LV 80 to 130/3-12, LA 2-12, PA 15-30/4-12, AO
100-140/60-90
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| Define Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) ? | show 🗑
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| show |
It is an inflatable cuff that measures the blood pressure using air or mercury. Normal value is 120/80.
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| show |
It is a zoom feature to increase the size of the structure you want to look at. It is part of preprocessing
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| Which of the following typically increases to compensate for constrictive diseases which impede filling: a. SV b. Preload c. Afterload d. EDV, ESV | show 🗑
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| Define the following key terms: Asepsis, Immunity, Sterile, Pathogen | show 🗑
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| show |
DD is present when an elevated filling pressure is necessary to achieve normal ventricular filling. So, DD is related
to abnormal left ventricular relaxation and filling during diastolic phase of cardiac cycle. During this phase there
are four events:
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| show |
b. rise and arterial pressures fall
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| What is pre processing? Name two pre processing functions? | show 🗑
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| show |
1.2 to 2.3cm. Yes, it usually has some collapse upon inspiration
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| Define the following key terms: Infection, Isolation, Reverse-Isolation. | show 🗑
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| show |
The heart has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the septum. The right side of the heart pumps blood to
the lungs to pick up oxygen. Then, oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart, and the
left side pumps it to
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| show | a. Aortic stenosis
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| Pathological filling is determined from transmitral flow pattern. Briefly describe the prolonged relaxation pattern, Pseudonormal pattern and the Restrictive pattern. | show 🗑
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| What is post processing? Name three examples of post processing? | show 🗑
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| Describe the four heart chambers | show 🗑
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| Protection from radiation may be maximized by all but which of the following:a. Significantly reducing kV setting b. Maximizing the distance to the sourcec .Minimizing the time near the radiation sourced .Placing absorbing material between yourself and | show 🗑
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| What is a simplified view of the Krebs Cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | The medium and the source of sound
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| show |
Four valves control the flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles into the two large
arteries connected to the heart.The tricuspid valve is in the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the
right ventricle.
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| The major pathway of blood to the brain is through the: a. Femoral arteries b. Carotid arteries c. Coronary arteries d. Subclavian arteries e. Pulmonary arteries | show 🗑
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| What are two ways to reduce bioeffects on an ultrasound system? | show 🗑
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| show |
a. Mitral stenosis will cause a high LA mean. 18 mmHg is elevated
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| What is the main organ responsible for regulating electrolyte and acid base balance in the body? Why is Echocardiography important in evaluating disease states of this organ? | show 🗑
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| What is the number one cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in in the USA? What are other international causes? What type of EF usually is associated with a dilated cardiomyopathy? | show 🗑
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| What are normal arterial blood gas values? | show 🗑
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| show |
Digital scan converter
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| What is the number one valvular heart disease? What is the best 2-D view used for diagnosing Mitral valve prolapse? | show 🗑
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| When the heart's valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a stethoscope. What is the first heart sound caused from? | show 🗑
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| show | The arteries are major blood vessels connected to your heart.The pulmonary artery carries blood pumped from the
right side of the heart to the lungs to pick up a fresh supply of oxygen. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood pumped f
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| What are five common findings associated with dilated cardiomyopathy? What is a common late complication associated with this type of cardiomyopathy? | show 🗑
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| What is Metabolic Alkalosis? What is a normal bicarbonate level? | show 🗑
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| Why is a Ultrasound transducer that is cracked considered unsafe? | show 🗑
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| Nuclear medicine studies are NOT useful in ... a) Quantifying intracardiac left to right shunts b) Assessing differential lung perfusion c) Diagnosing pulmonary AV malformations d) Aortic disease e) Assessing cardiac function | show 🗑
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| What are Veins? | show 🗑
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| show | Cardiomyopathy caused from a parasite bite(more common in South America)
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| What is respiratory acidosis and how is it treatable? What is respiratory alkalosis and how is it treatable? A patient is admitted to the cardiac department with the following ABGs: FiO2 = 40%, pH = 7.3, PCO2 = 50, HCO3 = 20. According to these blood ga | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for wavelength? | show 🗑
|
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| Describe the artifact reverberation and name one? | show 🗑
|
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| show | All fluids may be infectious. After a blood spill put on your gloves, then use 1 part bleach with 10 parts water
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| show | Amyloidosis. Starch like deposits of an abnormal protein (amyloid) in the heart tissue, which make it hard for the heart to work properly.Cardiac amyloidosis ("stiff heart syndrome") occurs when amyloid deposits take the place of normal heart muscle. It i
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| show | This is an Image of Definity perflutren lipid microsphere ultrasound contrast agent. Contrast echocardiography
Transpulmonary contrast agents are used to fill the left heart chambers for enhancement of left ventricular
endocardial border definition. Dif
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| If you are accidentally exposed to a patient's blood, what is the medical responsibility to the healthcare worker? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the three major types of cardiomyopathy? | show 🗑
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| show |
The object will be placed too far from the transducer
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| show | Lactic Acid may build up in the body
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|
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| show |
Late peak dagger shape on doppler, Mid systolic notch of aov(double diamond appearance)on M Mode
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|
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| What type of artifact may sclerotic valves and prosthetic valves produce? What type of artifact is associated with low amplitude signals? | show 🗑
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| show | Parasternal long axis: place the transducer on the 3rd intercostal space left parasternal. The trans-ducer's index mark is directed towards the patient's right shoulder. The right (RV) and the left ventricle (LV), as well as the aortic bulb (Ao) and the (
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| show |
Parasternal short axis (papillary muscle level): From the psax view tip the transducer to the level of the papillary
muscles in the LV. The LV and the right ventricle RV and Papillary muscles aer seen
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| show |
Cellular respiration. This process produces the cells energy
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|
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| What effect does the valsalva maneuver have on the aortic valve murmur Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Frequency refers to the number of cycles of compressions and rarefactions in a sound wave per second, with one cycle per second being 1 hertz. While the term ultrasound generally refers to sound waves with frequencies above
20,000 Hz (the frequency range
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| show | True. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has various manifestations with respect to the localization of the hypertrophy, However, the prevalence of systolic anterior motion of anterior mitral leaflet (SAM) is an echocardiographic diagnostic hallmark in HOC
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| show |
Amino Acids, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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|
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| What are two ways to improve temporal resolution? Will increasing the frame rate improve temporal resolution? | show 🗑
|
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| What structures can be seen in the MV short view? | show 🗑
|
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| The heart rate and respirations are controlled in what part of the brain? | show 🗑
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| What does Amyl nitrite do to the heart? What murmurs are increased by Amyl nitrite and which are decreased? | show 🗑
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| show | Fresnel-Near field of the sound beam. The region between the transducer face and the focal point. Fraunhofer- Far
field. After the focal point where there is beam divergence
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| Which of the following vessels have the greatest influence on total vascular resistance? a. Veins b. Venules c. Arterioles d. Capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | True
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|
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| How do you obtain the Apical four-chamber view? What structures can be seen in this view? | show 🗑
|
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| T/F With hypertrophic cardiomyopathy common findings are LVE,LVH,LAE | show 🗑
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| show | The strain phase of the Valsalva maneuver increases intrathoracic pressure and will decrease venous return,stroke volume and cardiac output. All murmurs will decrease (Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic and Pulmonic) except for murmurs specific to Hypertrophic obs
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| show |
Turbulent
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|
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| show | The C02 level in the body is what the brain uses to regulate breathing. The Phrenic Nerve controls breathing by the
diaphragm
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|
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| show | Pseudoaneurysm. Epicardium and pericardium
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|
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| What walls are seen in apical 2 chamber view? | show 🗑
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| show |
False. True
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|
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| show | Sector phased array transducer
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|
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| What structures are seen in the apical 3 chamber view? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where is insulin produced? Is the pancreas located in the abdominal cavity? | show 🗑
|
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| T/F True ventricular aneurysms have the mouth wider than the body and involve the endo,myo and epicardial ventricular walls? | show 🗑
|
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| What is the simplest carbohydrate group? What are the three classified groups of carbohydrates? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Linear sequenced array transducer
🗑
|
||||
| show | No. The three groups are: Triglycerides (fats, oils and waxes), Phospholipids, and Steroids
🗑
|
||||
| show | Subcostal view:place the transducer on the subxyphoid region.The transducers index mark is directed towards the patient's head.The inferior vena cava (VCI) can be displayed.Turn the transducer clockwise slightly to display the right and left ventricle, as
🗑
|
||||
| In continuous wave ultrasound what is the maximum duty factor value? What is the minimum value? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LA myxoma, Cardiac myxomas are benign tumors of the heart. Eighty-five percent are located in the left atrium
(LA), the remaining 15% in the right atrium (RA), in both atria, or occasionally in the ventricles. Clinical
symptoms are related to embolic ev
🗑
|
||||
| Describe peak to peak pressure gradient compared to a peak instantaneous pressure gradient. Which is used in doppler echocardiography? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In the ultrasound beam spatial resolution determines the degree of image clarity. Where is lateral resolution best? Where is axial resolution best? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the number one malignant cardiac tumor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Suprasternal view: place the transducer on the suprasternal region. The transducer's index mark is directed towards the patient's head and turned approx. 45° to the right. The aortic arch(*), the neck arteries (TB, CL, SL) and the right pulmonary artery (
🗑
|
||||
| What are the three parts that make up the respiratory system? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Perimembraneous VSD
🗑
|
||||
| What is the name of the most common electronic cardiac transducer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | There are four types of ASD-
nSecundum ASD- 75%Primum ASD- 20% Sinus venosus ASD- 5%Coronary sinus ASD- 1%Secundum ASD is sometimes called secondary ASD as it develops over the existing foramen ovale while the others are called primary ASD.Embryology
•S
🗑
|
||||
| show | Temporary loss of sight or blindness in one eye (monocular) caused from decreased blood flow to the retina.Syncope is the medical term for fainting, a sudden, usually temporary, loss of consciousness generally caused by insufficient oxygen in the brain ei
🗑
|
||||
| What is Attenuation as it relates to Decibel (dB)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| T/F Most ASD's are low velocity with left to right shunting? T/F Longer standing ASD shunts commonly cause RV volume overload? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the nervous system consist of? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What percent does a -3dB loss of original intensity represent? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | All valvular regurgitations have three components: PISA (proximal isovelocity surface area), vena contracta and regurgitation jet. PISA can be spontaneously seen when regurgitation is already significant. Vena contracta plays a more important role for ass
🗑
|
||||
| What body cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels, endocrine glands nervous system and lymphatics? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Snell's law, No
🗑
|
||||
| Explain the Continuity Equation? What is the formula for the Simplified Continuity of flow equation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Persistent Left SVC? What is a one common Echo finding? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Lead Zirconate Titanate(PZT). Crystals which acquire a charge when compressed are said to be piezoelectric. This provides a convenient transducer effect between electrical and mechanical oscillations. Barium titanate, lead zirconate, and lead titanate are
🗑
|
||||
| What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? What purpose does the diaphragm serve? | show 🗑
|
||||
| The frequency of a CW transducer is determined by what factor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Abdominal cavity
🗑
|
||||
| show | A long standing left to right ASD or VSD the shunt reverses and becomes right to left. Severe pulmonary HTN
🗑
|
||||
| The pressure gradient through a tube is inversely proportional to which of the following: a. Length of the tube b. Flow rate of the fluid c. Radius of the tube to the fourth power d. Radius of the tube to the sixteenth power | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Plasma is 90% water(liquid portion of blood), 8% proteins, nutrients, waste products such as uric acid and creatinine, electrolytes,(various ions such as sodium calcium chloride and bicarbonate), respiratory gases(O2 and CO2).
🗑
|
||||
| What is Ebstein's Anomaly? What are three common findings in patients with this anomaly? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is in vitro? What is in vivo? What is epidemiology? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Assessment of PA-pressure is an important part of a echo exam. Assessment of pulmonary
artery systolic pressure (PASP) can be carried out by measuring maximal tricuspid regurgitation velocity, and applying the modified Bernoulli equation to convert this
🗑
|
||||
| What function do platelets and thrombocytes have? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the basic value of attenuation in soft tissue? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Type one. Ascending aorta to the aortic arch
🗑
|
||||
| T/F With Trunkus Arteriosus the RV has no RV outflow tract and no pulmonic valve? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Albumin. It is produced by the liver and helps to keep osmotic pressure between blood and tissue. Other proteins are hormones, alpha and beta globulins(transport lipids), gamma globulins(antibodies), fibrogen and prothrombin(clotting proteins).
🗑
|
||||
| What is Thermal index(TI)? What is mechanical index(MI)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If there is a propagation speed error what might occur? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In the PSLAX view what two aortic valves can be seen? Which valve is closest to the MV in this view? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the main functions of blood? What is anemia? What is erythrocytosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where can Pulmonary venous flow velocities best be assessed with PW-Doppler? | show 🗑
|
||||
| T/F Does the MV have premature closer when acute severe AI is present? Is the MV effected with loss of Sinus Rhythm or a when a First Degree AVB present? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the four major blood types? Which is the universal donor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is associated with Huygens principle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Blood and lymph can be checked by chemical tests and coagulation studies. What are the five common tests used for direct examination of blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Transverse, Azimuthal, Angular. Beam diameter determines lateral resolution
🗑
|
||||
| show | AI is present. Austin Flint murmur is a low pitched diastolic rumble present with severe AI.
🗑
|
||||
| Can slow wall Mitral annular velocities be assessed with Tissue Doppler? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | d. Standard deviation
🗑
|
||||
| show | Tunica Intima- inner most,Tunica Media- middle, and Tunica Adventia or Tunica externa- outer layer. The vasa
vasorum are tiny vessels that cary blood to the walls of large arteries. They feed the adventitial layer as well as
some of the medial layer
🗑
|
||||
| What are three other names axial resolution may be called? What factors determine axial resolution? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MR
🗑
|
||||
| How can AI effect the LV size and wall motion? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Arterioles. Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are part of the microcirculation. They are only
1 cell thick.(microvessels) they connect arterioles and venules, and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many ot
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the matching layer on a transducer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Side lobe artifact
🗑
|
||||
| show | Veins
🗑
|
||||
| Which occurs first with AS, LVH or LVE? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Epicardium- Thin outer layer, Myocardium- Thick middle muscle, Endocardium- Inner layer composed of
endothelial cells which line the heart valves. Pericardium is the protective sac that surrounds the heart, fibrous
parietal and great vessels
🗑
|
||||
| show | 3. The log of any number represents the number of times 10 must be multiplied together to create the original
number. What is the log of 1000? We have to multiply 10 by itself 3 times to make 1000. So, the log of 1000 is
3.(10x10x10)
🗑
|
||||
| What murmur typically has a mid systolic upper right sternal border? What murmur has a crescendo decrescendo right sternal S4 sound? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are three classic symptoms with AS? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Crystal thickness
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the left atrium and the right atrium? What vessels carry O2 rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium? What three vessels carry CO2 to the right atrium? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name two mechanisms of bioeffects and describe them? | show 🗑
|
||||
| T/F AS often times may be overestimated if a bad angle or low cardiac output states are present? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of the right and left ventricle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
No, a colorless region may be present
🗑
|
||||
| show |
It should dull the chest pain and is known for it ability to increase vascular resistance and decrease systemic
resistance
🗑
|
||||
| What 2-D findings are seen with Aortic Stenosis? What Doppler finding are associated with AS? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
A connective tissue disease. Patients may have long bones and eye problems. MVP, ascending aorta dilatation, and
aortic aneurism
🗑
|
||||
| T/F Rheumatic heart disease has been known to effect these three valves with MS, AS and TS? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Beta blockers slow the sinus rate,depress AV conduction,reduce BP (by blocking part of the sympathetic nervous system). Beta blockers have multiple beneficial effects (including prolonged life) in patients with coronary artery disease, patients who have h
🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal Aortic vavle velocity? How do you assess the severity of Aortic Stenosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What type of transducer has elements that are energized sequentially from inside out and create a circular beam? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
RAE, RVE(volume overload), flattened septum, Vena cava enlargement. No, the LA is not effected
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Foramen Ovale and the Ductus Arteriosus function? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Multi-gate pulsed wave doppler
🗑
|
||||
| show |
True
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Thickened leaflets, valvular doming, reduced cusp separation
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Calcium channel blockers block inward movement of calcium to slow impulse conduction(particularly through the
AV node). They also relax smooth muscle contraction of the vessels. Diltiazem and Verapamil are two common
calcium channel blockers
🗑
|
||||
| Autorhythmic activity of the heart can be modified by what branch of the nervous system? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
The mediums density
🗑
|
||||
| What type of flow is AI and PI? Are these typically seen above or below the baseline with doppler interrogation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
False
🗑
|
||||
| show |
The heart, blood vessels and blood. 1)Transport of nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste removal. 2)Protection by
WBC's, and antibodies. 3)Regulation of body temperature, fluid PH and H2O content in cells.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Systolic flow
🗑
|
||||
| What are two common early stage findings with MR? What are three late stage findings? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What type of Valve is seen in this photo? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What will happen to the speed of sound through tissue if the stiffness of the medium increases? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where is the highest O2 saturation in the fetal circulation found? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name one thing that you could do to increase the frame rate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pauses can be seen on an EKG following a PVC or PAC. What are these pauses called? What is an interpolated PVC? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are six common findings with mitral stenosis? Is the LV commonly effected with mitral stenosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Bileaflet valves include the St. Jude, shown in the image. This is the most commonly implanted valve in the United
States
🗑
|
||||
| If blood travels away from the transducer the doppler shift will be? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
LVH then LVE,LAE,decreased LV contractility. Post dilatation may occur because of the high pressure/velocity jet
hitting the aortic walls. No effect on RV
🗑
|
||||
| List some Bioprosthetic (xenograft) valves are made from porcine valves or bovine pericardium? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the basic four heart sounds? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
False. LVE,LAE,hyperdynamic LV.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Grating lobe artifact
🗑
|
||||
| What is a common chronotropic drug and a common inotropic drug? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Continuity of flow equation A2=A1xV1/V2.
AI does not effect the V1/V2 equation. Values are: Mild: 1.5-2.0cm2, Moderate: 1.0-1.5 cm2, Severe: <1.0cm2
🗑
|
||||
| What function on the ultrasound machine would eliminate smaller amplitude voltages produced by weaker echos to to reduce unwanted noise? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | FP=a positive test,but the patient does not have the disease state.FN=The test shows a negative result, but the
patient does have a disease state that has been missed.True positive means the study is positive and disease is detected. True negative means
🗑
|
||||
| What is Intra-Cardiac Echo (ICE)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the ACC/AHA Aortic Valve Area(AVA) guidelines for grading an aortic valve stenosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
SA=60-100, AV=40-60,Perkinje=20-40 beats per minute
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pulmonic. Pulmonic Stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| show |
2.5MHz
🗑
|
||||
| What are three common findings with PS? T/F The LV and LA are typically effected with pulmonic stenosis? T/F The most common cause of PS is congenital(non- RHD)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What effect does the Valsalva maneuver have on the cardiovascular system? How many phases of the Valsalva maneuver are there? What are they? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
99.9%
🗑
|
||||
| show | There are three cusps, the right, left and the non coronary cusp. Behind each leaflet the wall dilates to form a sinus of valsalva. The L and RT sinus fill with blood during diastole. Respectively-RT Ao cusp to the RT coronary artery and Left Ao cusp to t
🗑
|
||||
| show | d. Diseases spread by fecal contamination
🗑
|
||||
| Looking at the monitor, approximately how many shades of gray can the organic human eyeball see? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What effect is there on the cardiovascular system with isometric exercise? (sustained handgrip type of exercise) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A change in direction of a sound beam at a interface with two different impedances is called Refraction. Refraction
and is determined by Snell’s law
🗑
|
||||
| How does PI effect the right ventricle? T/F The very most common cause of PI is valvular ring dilatation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How many weeks does it take for the heart to be completely formed? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LV and RV, The bulbus cordis (also known as the conotruncus) lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed hea
🗑
|
||||
| What are three causes of TR? T/F Carcinoid is a TV disease where the valves are thickened and fixed in a closed position? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What determines the brightness of an echo signal? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
PA enlargement, RAE, RVE
🗑
|
||||
| What is pectus carinatum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Hz
🗑
|
||||
| The time it takes for one cycle to occur is called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are two common findings with VSD's? What is a classic m-mode finding with ASD's? Which direction is the blood flow across the VSD usually? | show 🗑
|
||||
| (T/F) Wavelength increases as frequency increases? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
End of the T wave
🗑
|
||||
| show | True. The aortic arch is the part of the aorta which curves to connect the ascending and descending aorta.Narrowing of the aortic arch is termed coarctation of the aorta.This causes elevation of BP in the arteries before the point of narrowing and reducti
🗑
|
||||
| Can respiratory inspiration cause a delay in the interval between aortic and pulmonic valve closure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does a sound wave carry? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
(In statistics) What is the greatest common variability of data? What is the statistical Mean of 1,2,3?
🗑
|
||||
| How many cycles are there in one second in a 7MHz transducer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ASD
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Soft tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Name two common radioisotopes used in a nuclear myocardial scan? | show 🗑
|
||||
| T/F On pulsed wave doppler an E/A ratio of 2:1 is a normal diastolic value? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Bruce protocol.The Bruce protocol is a stress test performed on a treadmill to evaluate patients with potential heart disease. The function of the heart and lungs is assessed before, during and after the administration of the stress test with a progressiv
🗑
|
||||
| What term is used to describe when pressure changes a crystals shape from electric voltage hitting it? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Right
🗑
|
||||
| What are the five wall motion assignments? What do the segments define in regard to function of wall motion? T/F? Number 1 is normal so 2 would be akinetic? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the bandwidth? | show 🗑
|
||||
| T/F? Doming of a valve is usually caused by valvular regurgitation rather than valvular stenosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Where all four heart chambers come together
🗑
|
||||
| show |
B mode
🗑
|
||||
| show | Yes
🗑
|
||||
| show |
The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| show |
d. You cannot interpret her Echocardiogram, but assure her that doctor Checkers will be reviewing it soon.
🗑
|
||||
| If standing, venous return and ventricular filling will? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name the two basic ways to focus the ultrasound beam? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PI.Transthoracic echocardiography has proven to be useful for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.However,suboptimal images in up to 20% of patients, limited image resolution, reduced ability to detect perivalvular
abscesses in both native and prosth
🗑
|
||||
| What is the formula Z=pv used to describe? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Coronary artery aneurysm
🗑
|
||||
| show |
R wave
🗑
|
||||
| High frequency transducers will have what type of wavelength and penetration? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Inspiration results in increased preload and increased RV stroke volume. The Valsalva maneuver(bearing down)
causes decreased BP and decreased Venous return
🗑
|
||||
| What is myocardial Ischemia? What is the number one cause of myocardial Ischemia? What is CHF? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens when a annular array transducer malfunctions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Dresslers syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which cardiac valve is the first to open and the last to close in ventricular systole? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does Poiseuille's Law demonstrate the changes in pressure related to the radius of a blood vessel? Which factor has the largest effect on resistance to laminar flow through a vessel? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name three things that ultrasound systems require periodic testing? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the two most common congenital abnormalities found in adults? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
It decreases the AV conduction time, which will increase heart rate and contractility
🗑
|
||||
| What is the number one cause of mitral stenosis? What is considered a significant stenosis? What three measurements should you get in a MS study? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Dynamic range
🗑
|
||||
| show |
To determine LV function, also helpful in ASD, TR and VSD studies. Appears in the RA first
🗑
|
||||
| show |
An increase in peripheral vascular resistance (Usually-BP>140/90) The etiology of most HTN is unknown. Risk
factors include heart attack, stroke, heart and kidney failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | Being able to determine the position of a moving structure at any given time on the ultrasound system.
Higher frame rates improve temporal resolution
🗑
|
||||
| show |
AIUM 100mm Test Object-Used to evaluate resolution and range performance.(non Attenuation).
🗑
|
||||
| show |
True
🗑
|
||||
| What is blood pressure? What is pulse pressure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| (T/F) Blood flow toward the transducer is above the baseline? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Inferior septal and Anterior wall. Anterior lateral and septal
🗑
|
||||
| Which percent stenosis is considered to be significant coronary artery disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 1)Which of the following coronary arteries provides blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle? 2)Which to the right ventricle? 3)Which to the inferior septal walls in a right dominant system? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What type of MI involves the right ventricle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| With a stenosis, What location is there typically the most turbulent blood flow? | show 🗑
|
||||
| A 97-year-old female is scheduled for a TEE.a preoperative measure, his doctorhas given him 25mg of Demeral.Upon entry to the lab, his breathing is shallow and he is unresponsive.After notifying the Cardiologist, which of the following medications would b | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Eisenmenger's syndrome, and a number of congenital heart defects including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal
defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and more complex types of acyanotic heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Absolute or Effective refractory period of the heart? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
No, Average velocity
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Paradoxyl septal motion, pericardial effusion, atrial enlargement in some cases
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Peaked P waves(lead 2) and a long QT interval, Large U waves, also flat T waves.
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Color flow doppler
🗑
|
||||
| show | The heart adapts to work by vasodilatation of the myocardial arterioles. Arterioles share many of the properties of arteries – they are strong,have a relatively thick wall for their size, and contain a high percentage of smooth muscle.Arterioles are very
🗑
|
||||
| Peak instantaneous pressure gradient for a patient with aortic stenosis of 4.0 m/s is? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
A temperature 300-400 degrees C that will cause the piezoelectric crystals to a permanently lose effectiveness. No
🗑
|
||||
| If a person is walking, what is the main mechanism responsible to returning the venous blood to the heart? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Lower frequency shifts will exhibit darker shades of color. Black represents no doppler shift (Zero baseline)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the B notch seen on the m mode? What does this indicate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Epicardium to Endocardium.-The myocardium is supplied by two arteries that branch from the base of the aorta.These arteries are the Right and Left Coronary Arteries, (RCA and LCA). These arteries further branch into
circumflex,anterior and posterior arte
🗑
|
||||
| How do the stenotic aortic and pulmonic valves effect the ventricle chamber first? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Sector size,Color size box,PRF
🗑
|
||||
| How are each of the following units used in ultrasound? Area, Circumference, Time, Volume | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does a regurgitant mitral and tricuspid valve first effect the atrial chamber? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What vessel in the body contains the largest volume of blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does MS and TS effect the atria first? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What equation helps to keep the proper depth of a reflection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
A living myocardial muscle that is nonfunctioning because of chronic ischemia-Perfusion may restore function.
Ischemic muscle that is reperfused but still not functioning
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ventricular overload
🗑
|
||||
| How many pulses does it take to equal one scan line on the image frame? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Thermodilution. Fick. Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute(SVxHR), Normal
range is 4-8LPM
🗑
|
||||
| show | Rheumatic mitral stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two major components of demodulation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Stroke volume (EDV-ESV) The normal range is 70cc-100cc. Yes
🗑
|
||||
| show |
A MVP murmur is a mid-systolic and late systolic murmur at cardiac apex. NO, MVP may be falsely diagnosed in
the 4 chamber
🗑
|
||||
| show | Reynolds number (number greater than 2000).
🗑
|
||||
| What is CRT? What format does CRT write in? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 4. Splitting of S2 is best heard at the a. Apex b. Third left intercostal space c. Fourth left intercostal space d. Second right intercostal space | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | As frequency increases wavelength decreases. As frequency decreases wavelength increases
🗑
|
||||
| show | Counter clockwise
🗑
|
||||
| What are the normal left and right heart oxygen saturation levels? | show 🗑
|
||||
| (In comparing the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation) Which has the higher pressure, higher resistance, higher oxygen content, thicker ventricular and vessel walls and lower CO2 level? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Fat tissue (adipose tissue)
🗑
|
||||
| What does the term "BART" stand for in ultrasound? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name the components of the pulmonary circulation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Moderator band
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pulsed wave and color flow doppler have highest intensities. M-Mode and 2D imaging have the lowest intensities
🗑
|
||||
| show | 8cm
🗑
|
||||
| show | LV, aorta, systemic capillary network, cerebra, peripheral and abdominal veins, SVC and IVC.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the subpulmonic area of the RV? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 2 meters per second(m/s) can be written as how many cm per second? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Tricuspid regurgitation may cause right atrial enlargement due to volume overload.The RV may become
dilated and present hyperdynamic wall motion. In cases of severe TR the volume overload can cause reversal of flow into the Hepatic Vein and cause IVC and
🗑
|
||||
| show | Preload, LV Preload occurs only during ventricular diastole and the 3 measurements that evaluate LV Preload are
resting fiber length, End Diastolic Volume and End Diastolic Pressure
🗑
|
||||
| show | Afterload, Afterload, Afterload causes a decrease in CO do to the increase in resistance
🗑
|
||||
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? Name the three tricuspid valve leaflets(cusps) in relation to the right ventricle? List 4 conditions can cause obstruction of the native tricuspid valve? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Depolariziation of the ventricle occurs with the onset of which EKG complex? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The posterior pulmonic valve is usually seen on m mode. Congenital abnormality is the most common cause of
pulmonic stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| What will improve temporal resolution? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What 2d view is best for visualizing tricuspid regurgitation? What are two main echo findings with chronic tricuspid regurgitation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Increases the murmur and regurgitation
🗑
|
||||
| show | False (five chamber view)
🗑
|
||||
| When do the mitral and tricuspid valves close and open in relation to the EKG? Why do they open and close? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | b. Chordae tendineae above the papillary muscles
🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| show | Phase 0-1:Cardiac cell rapid depolarization(sodium rapidly enters cell and potassium leaves) Phase1:Early rapid repolarization (K+ reenters cell Na+ leaves) Phase 2:Plateau phase(coinsides w/the ST segment and is cardiac
contraction)Phase 3:Final rapid r
🗑
|
||||
| show | The modified bernoulli equation
🗑
|
||||
| show | In early ventricular systole the aortic and pulmonic valves open as the Left and right ventricle pressures exceed the
aortic and pulmonic pressure. They close when the pressure in the ventricles fall below the aortic and pulmonic
pressure
🗑
|
||||
| show | (True, True
🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| show | Parachute MV is the abnormal condition in which LV papillary muscles are closer than normal or fused to create a
single papillary muscle. The other structures of the normal MV include the LV walls, Mitral annulus and Papillary
muscles.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pulmonic, Aortic
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hypertrophied portion of the RV outflow tract
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Coronary Sinus
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Constrictive pericarditis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the sequence of cardiac conduction? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 22 year old female seen in the ER with a severe ripping feeling; What might be two possible diagnosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How do the layers of the heart muscle depolarize when ventricular depolarization occurs? Coronary artery perfusion occurs from? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is aliasing? How can aliasing be corrected? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
d. decreased venous return to the heart
🗑
|
||||
| In the PSAX -what wall can be seen at the top of the screen? Which is at the bottom? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Cephalalgia
🗑
|
||||
| show | Cholecystectomy-A cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The two basic types of this procedure are open cholecystectomy and the laparoscopic approach. It is estimated that the laparoscopic procedure is currently used for approximately
🗑
|
||||
| What chamber is one of the best views used to see the LV lateral wall? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Breakdown of fat is called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
>220 p1/2 time and MVA<1.0cm2
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Breast bone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal thickness of the IVSd? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is "Under the skin" referred to? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What normally causes the patent foramen ovale (PFO) to close after birth? Although a PFO and PDA differ what echo view is best for evaluating a patient with a PDA anomaly? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Higher LA pressure than RA pressure. The parasternal short axis view at the basal level is the best view for detecting the PDA. Usually blood flows in a left to right direction from aorta to the pulmonary artery during diastole with this abnormality | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the word Stetho mean? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
1. Consent forms must be signed by the patient prior to preoperative medication administration(such as Demerol) 2.
A patient that signs an informed consent- protects the medical staff from claims of unauthorized procedures.
🗑
|
||||
| show |
The spleen filters plasma and dead RBC's and stores blood. The Hepatic Veins drain directly into the IVC to drain
deoxygenated blood from the Liver
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Libel and Slander
🗑
|
||||
| 23 year old patient comes to the non-invasive laboratory for an exercise stress test.While preparing him for the examination, she complains of left breast/chest pain that radiates down her left arm. The resting 12 lead ECG indicates ST segment elevation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Performing treatment without the patient's informed consent, the physician runs a risk of suit for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pericardial effusions are commonly present with chronic renal failure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Good Samaritan statutes
🗑
|
||||
| What is the factor you multiply red blood cells by if you are doing a RBC count? What is considered a normal white blood count? What could a WBC count of 22,000 indicate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
O- is the universal donor, and they can only receive type O-. AB+ is the universal acceptor and they can receive A+
A-B+ B- O+ O- AB+ AB
🗑
|
||||
| show | Infundibulum
🗑
|
||||
| Describe Ebstein's anomaly and what echo view is best to assess this? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Left
🗑
|
||||
| Upon viewing the echo screen and obvserving the EKG- When does the aortic valve open in relation to the EKG? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The Left Main Coronary Artery which directs oxygenated blood to the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex.
The Left Anterior Descending Artery then supplies oxygenated blood to the ANTERIOR walls of the left ventricles and the left atri
🗑
|
||||
| What percentage is the normal right side heart pressure compared to that of the left side heart pressure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What would be the first target of the echocardiography examination with Infective Endocarditis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which patients are at higher risk of Infective endocarditis? 1.Arrhythmia 2.CAD 3.Aneurysmal pericardium 4.Valvular disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Right
🗑
|
||||
| show |
At the valvular level is the most common type of RVO obstruction. Two other less common types may be
subvalvular and supravalvular
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common diagnostic modality used in a chest X-Ray? Name two possible cardiac related findings in X-Ray? Is X-ray able to detect coronary artery disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most reliable M-mode finding for pulmonary hypertension? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the first downward deflection on the EKG that follows the P wave? What does the QRS complex consist of? What does the QRS represent? What is the normal time duration for the QRS complex? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Amyloidosis
🗑
|
||||
| What is Infective Endocarditis? How do we diagnose Infective Endocarditis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Lipomatous hypertrophy
🗑
|
||||
| What percent of patients have a right dominant coronary artery supply? What does this mean? What 2-D view is best for visualizing the coronary arteries? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Monocytes
🗑
|
||||
| What three vessels arise from the arch of the aorta? Which is the first artery that arises from the aortic arch? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | There is 1 main pulmonary artery. Yes, it does bifrucate.- From the RV, blood is pumped through the pulmonic (semilunar valve) into the main pulmonary artery. This blood enters the two pulmonary arteries(and bifrucates one for each lung) and travels throu
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Afferent Neurons
🗑
|
||||
| What is the basic description of Right Heart Catheterization? Are all of the following pressures measured in a Right Heart Cath? RA, RV systolic, RV end-diastolic, systolic pulm artery, end- diastolic pulm artery, mean and pulm artery wedge pressure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
b. 1,540.0 m/sec
🗑
|
||||
| What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is present in the blood that causes red blood cells to appear red? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What nerves regulate the heartbeat? What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Difficulty in determining echo signs of tamponade may occur in the presence of: a. Right pleural effusion b. Systemic hypertension c. Left ventricular dysfunction d. Right ventricular hypertrophy e. Infundibular stenosis f. Coronary Sinus dilatation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Prone position
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Moderate AI will cause LV volume overload, (then LVH over time) The LA enlargement is also common due to
the volume of back flow blood
🗑
|
||||
| What abnormality is primarily seen with HCM (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Restricted blood flow to the heart muscle
🗑
|
||||
| show | Insulin
🗑
|
||||
| What abnormality is seen with a vena contracta color image? What is Vena contracta? What are the hallmarks of flow in mitral regurgitation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do the following abbreviations mean? Qid, STAT | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do the following medications do? Analgesics, Antibiotics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| How do you differentiate between a pericardial effusion and a plural effusion? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Resting state
🗑
|
||||
| show | 4th intercostal space down from the right clavicle
🗑
|
||||
| show | False, The Passive (rapid) stage of diastolic filling accounts for approx 70% of filling. "Active filling" is when
atrial contraction (a-kick) occurs, there is approx 30% of the remaining ventricular filling
🗑
|
||||
| What Precordial ECG lead is placed 5th intercostal down mid-axillary? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The obstructive variant of HCM, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) has also historically been
known as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH).
🗑
|
||||
| show | A condition in which the "breast bone"(sternum) appears sunken in the chest, concave
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is most influenced by distance from the face of the transducer? a. Frequency b. Wavelength c. Axial resolution d. Lateral resolution e. Medium f. Niquist limit | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AC interference
🗑
|
||||
| Where do you measure LVes and LVed to determine fractional shortening and Ejection Fraction on m-mode? What is the formula for EF? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A small U wave may sometimes be seen between the T wave and P wave
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Effusion size on Echocardiography
1.Small effusion: <0.5cm (roughly corresponds to <100cc)
2.Moderate effusion: 0.5cm-2cm (roughly corresponds to 100-500cc)
3.Large effusion: >2.0 cm (roughly corresponds to >500cc)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Repolarization of the ventricles. The T wave represents the repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles. The interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the apex of the T wave is referred to as the absolute refractory period. The last half of the
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac complications represent the most common cause of death in patients with Amyloidosis. What complications may occur? What is the most common visual abnormality seen on ultrasound imaging (echocardiography)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal EKG paper speed? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What structure has the lowest oxygen saturation level of any structure in the body?What is the normal oxygen(02)saturation for the right heart?What is the 02 saturation level of the normal left heart?Do the pulmonary veins have high oxygen saturation lev | show 🗑
|
||||
| What sensors are used for a 2 Lead ECG? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Six grades, The weakest would be 1/6, the strongest would be 6/6. A moderately loud murmur would be 3/6.
🗑
|
||||
| show |
c 100,000
🗑
|
||||
| What are four reasons a patient may have a wandering baseline EKG? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Ejection Fraction? What is the normal value? Name three things Ejection Fraction(EF)can determine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 93-98%
🗑
|
||||
| show | There are 4 pulmonary veins. The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which returns it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the
bicuspid valve(MV), into th
🗑
|
||||
| show |
The percentage of blood pumped out of the LV during systole. Normal percentage is 60-75%
🗑
|
||||
| Is Dobutamine a pharmacological agent that is considered a positive inotrope and chronotrope? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The Valsalva maneuver, disturbances anywhere in the cardiovascular system that alter mean arterial pressure will
elicit reflex changes in cardiovascular function. The Valsalva maneuver (increased intrathoracic pressure)
decreases venous return and thus
🗑
|
||||
| Is Adenosine considered a coronary vasodilator? Why is Adenosine used in treatment for cardiac arrhythmias? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is inotrope? What is chronotrope? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Nitro is a vasodilator and vasodilates smooth muscle. Yes, this will decrease afterload. Light will degrade the effect
of the nitro, also avoid storage in moist places. Nitro is taken sub lingual - SL (disolves under the toung or in side of mouth) do not
🗑
|
||||
| In statistics, what is the most commonly occurring value out of many numbers? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is it possible for a medication or lab specimen to slowly lose it's potency, or simply deteriorate as a result of aging? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
The time that immediately follows a stimulas to the cardiac muscle and will not respond to a new stimulus.
🗑
|
||||
| What is PAW? What does it reflect? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Severe MR results in markedly increased flow across the mitral valve in diastole which accounts for the increased velocity and spectral filling.The peak velocity of the MR is only 4 mls which predicts a systolic gradient between the LV and LA of 64 mmHg
🗑
|
||||
| show |
c. Myocardial ischemia
🗑
|
||||
| What effect does the Valsalva Manuever (sustained bearing down) have on the cardiovascular system? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Decreased blood pressure and it also decreases the venus return | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The normal display has 3 components. These consist of systolic (S), early diastolic (D), and late diastolic (a)
phases.
Flow velocity is maximal during the S phase.
Reversal of flow occurs in late diastole
🗑
|
||||
| show | Increases right atrial venous return and the hearts stroke volume
🗑
|
||||
| show | Single chamber pacemaker uses one lead in the upper chambers -atria or lower chambers -ventricles of the heart. Dual chamber pacemaker uses 1 lead in the atria and 1 lead in the ventricles of your heart. Biventricular pacemaker uses 3 leads: one placed in
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ca++
🗑
|
||||
| What is the voltage of a resting cardiac muscle cell? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA,LAD,Circumflex. Diastole
🗑
|
||||
| show | Yes, Enteric isolation refers to the avoidance of any contact with bodily fluids of a patient due to pathogens or
chemotherapy treatment that can be transmitted via these fluids.
🗑
|
||||
| According to the American Society of Echocardiography, the left ventricle should be measured at the region of the | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Streptokinase? What is Heparin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The four valves(MV,TV,AOV,PV)are closed during both of the isometric stages
🗑
|
||||
| What is the first thing you should do according to the American Heart Association if an adult patient collapses and is unresponsive? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common life-threatening complication of myocardial infarction? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal cardiac valves function in regard to the direction of blood flow? In the case of a stenotic area of a vessel or valve, where typically is the highest velocity of blood flow found? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Describe how cardiac muscle contracts when sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name three things chest pain or angina may be caused by? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cardiac hemodynamics are involved in the heart and with valves? | show 🗑
|
||||
| List the two causes of valvular heart disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ventricular Systole. Stroke Volume. Stroke Volume=CO/HR
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the anatomy of the heart and valves? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Overall heart function, Cardiac output, Wall motion. Normal EF is usually >60%
🗑
|
||||
| Name three factors that determine ventricular function? Which of the three factors are directly related to the Frank-Starling law of heart? | show 🗑
|
||||
| One “heart beat” consists of two phases, the diastolic and the systolic phase describe this in relation to the valves opening and closing? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What arrhythmia has: wide QRS, regular rhythm, HR greater than 150 BPM? Is this considered a lethal arrhythmia? What is the inherent firing rate of AV junctional tissue? Heart rates between 60-100 BPM are considered? HR below 60 BPM are considered? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rapid discharge of numerous irritable automaticity foci in the atrias describe what arrhythmia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a considered a normal amount of pericardial fluid? What layer in the heart is a pericardial effusion located? What is the oblique sinus and how is it used to differentiate between pericardial and plural effusions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Large pericardial effusion
🗑
|
||||
| show | Agitated saline solution is often injected into the vein (through an IV port) to detect atrial shunts. also to document
right sided masses and abnormal venous return. After injected bubbles (which are too large to pass through the
pulmonary bed) go into
🗑
|
||||
| What is Systemic Hypertension? What primary side of the heart does systemic HTN effect? List three of the effects HTN has on the heart early in the course. What are three things late in course? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which valvular cardiac event occurs between the end of the T wave and the onset of the QRS? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the cardiac output(CO) adjusted to body surface area(BSA) referred to? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How will the screen appear on an ultrasound system if the overall gain or output gain is set too high? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In fetal heart development what occurs around day 22 helping formation of the great arteries and ventricles? | show 🗑
|
||||
| From the fetal heart, Sinus Venosus becomes what in the adult heart? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Time Gain Compensation(TGC)
🗑
|
||||
| In the fetal aortic arch system, which of the arches persist in the adult heart? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Name the three channels of communication in the fetal circulation that close shortly after birth? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Truncus Arteriosus-TA. The TA eventually forms the AorticRoot.
TA is a congenital (present at birth) defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal
heart during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. The heart begins as a hollow tube, and the cham
🗑
|
||||
| What is cardiac tamponade? What hemodynamic effect does pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade have on the heart? What is Pulsus paradoxus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the term used to describe late diastolic equalization of aortic and ventricular pressures? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Yes
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Parabolic flow profile
🗑
|
||||
| show |
Right Vagus Nerve
🗑
|
||||
| show | Descending aorta
🗑
|
||||
| show |
True
🗑
|
||||
| What is the term situs solitus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are three common EKG findings associated with a patient with LVH?(increased muscle mass) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 2.0 liters/min/m2
🗑
|
||||
| show | Red blood cell(Oxygen transport cell). Anemia is a low amount of RBC in the blood stream. Hematocrit below
45% RBC
🗑
|
||||
| (T/F) With a Third Degree Heart Block there is still partial conduction of the atrium to the ventricle enabling the heart to contract? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1)Inhalation: Breathing in the lungs.(useful for dilating the bronchial tubes) 2) Oral: Given by mouth,slow
absorption.3)Sublingual: Under the tongue for rapid absorption. 4) Parenteral: Injection (under skin layer) or IV
may be given for quick entry
🗑
|
||||
| show | Briefly describe the pulmonary circulation
🗑
|
||||
| Does the right heart contain oxygen rich blood? Briefly describe the blood flow into the right heart | show 🗑
|
||||
| What occurs in the lungs during respiration? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What type of cardiac abnormalities do pacemakers treat? | show 🗑
|
||||
| When Cleaning a TEE probe in a enzymatic cleaner according to the soak times indicated, you must follow the manufacturer’s instructions and observe dilution rates. Name three of the enzymatic cleaning agents? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Are rales(moist crackle in the lungs)considered a normal condition? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | •Prevent damage to transducers by placing them in the proper storage when not in use.•Do not drop or subject transducer to any type of mechanical shock.•Inspect transducer lens, cable & housing before each exam.•Do not use damaged transducers. Injury to t
🗑
|
||||
| How many pulmonary arteries are there? Does the pulmonary artery bifricate? Describe the flow of blood through the pulmonary artery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Are 4 pulmonary veins. The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which returns it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the LA, which pumps it through the
bicuspid valve(MV), into the LV. The blood
🗑
|
||||
| show |
d. Transesophageal echocardiography
🗑
|
||||
| show |
The three arteries are the brachiocephalic artery(innominate artery), left common carotid artery and left subclavian
artery. The brachiocephalic artery is the first large branch of the aortic arch.
🗑
|
||||
| What is Anaphylaxis? List four causes? What are common assessment findings? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Urticaria is another name for hives. Pruritus is another name for itching.
🗑
|
||||
| What is Hypothermia? Name two primary areas of the body that are vulnerable in hypothermia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does Amyl nitrite do to the heart? What murmurs are increased by Amyl nitrite and which are decreased? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the 6 phases of the Wiggers diagram? Which phase of Wiggers has the majority of blood filling? During Isometric relaxation on the pressure tracing what causes the Dicrotic Notch to appear? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
15-20%, Decrease CO, A decrease of 15-20%
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure or PAW reflects the Left Atrial pressure of the heart and the LV end diastolic
pressure. PAW=LA pressure and LVed pressure. 6-10 mmhg
🗑
|
||||
| show | Contractility: the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to develop force for a given muscle length.It is also referred to as inotropism.Preload:the muscle length prior to contractility, and it dependent of ventricular filling (or end diastolic
volume.) Th
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following conditions would be a contraindication to the administration of a transpulmonary contrast agent in Echo? a. VaIvular regurgitation b. Left ventricular dysfunction c. Elevated right heart pressures d. Complex congenital heart d | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The principle is based on the length-tension relationship within the ventricle. If ventricular end diastolic volume
(preload) is increased-the ventricular fiber length is also increased, resulting in an increased ‘tension’ of the
muscle.Cardiac output (
🗑
|
||||
| What are some determinants of cardiac performance when we discuss ventricular dysfunction? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac function is the volume of blood pumped each minute, and is expressed by the following equation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HR directly proportional to CO.HR x SV=CO) normal aduly HR 80-100 bpm.When CO increases in healthy individual , most of the increase can be attributed to an increase in HR.Change of posture, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and decreased pa
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| What factors influence Stroke Volume (SV)? | show 🗑
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Add the numbers together
Divide by how many numbers were added together
The mean of 4,7,10,3,3,3 is 5.
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| show | Mode-Arrange the numbers in order by size.Determine the number of instances of each numerical value.
The numerical value that has the most instances is the mode.
There may be more than one mode when two or more numbers have an equal number of instances
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| How many colors can be displayed in a single pixel of color flow image? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 | show 🗑
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| show | The statistical median is middle # of a group of numbers arranged in order by size.If there is
an even number of terms,median is the mean of the 2 middle numbers:
To find the median of a group of numbers:Arrange the numbers in order by size.If there is
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| What is 7% of 65? How much is 75% of 104? | show 🗑
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| show | d. 20 MHz
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| show | d. 8 kHz
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| show | a. Valsalva Maneuver will cause a heart rate change
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| Which of the following is NOT increased secondary to exercise in a patient with a healthy heart? Increased: a. Stroke volume b. Ejection fraction c. End-systolic volume d. End-diastolic volume | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is NOT considered an indicator of coronary artery disease, during the performance of exercise stress testing? a. Sinus tachycardia b. ST segment elevation c. ST segment depression d. Increased in R wave amplitude | show 🗑
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| The first heart sound is associated with: a. preload b. afterload c. semilunar valve closure d. atrioventricular valve closure | show 🗑
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| What is Aortic Valve Area by Planimetry? | show 🗑
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| show | Anatomic Region of Heart Coronary Artery (most likely associated)
Inferior- Right coronary
Anteroseptal- Left anterior descending
Anteroapical- Left anterior descending (distal)
Anterolateral- Circumflex
Posterior- Right coronary artery
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| When no ECG signal or a poor EKG signal is observed list a few things to be considered? | show 🗑
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| show | sometimes called "water pills." used to treat congestive heart failure, high BP or edema (water retention). they lower the amount of salt or sodium and water in your body,helps to lower your BP.ei. Lasix (furosemide), Aquatensen (methyclothiazide), Diuca
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| What is the purpose of a transducers backing material? | show 🗑
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| What is the moderator band? What view is the best for imaging this with TEE? | show 🗑
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| What is Mitral valvuloplasty? | show 🗑
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| T/F A Decreased EPS separation of the MV(m-mode) is usually associated with an increased ejection fraction? | show 🗑
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| How can contrast agents improve imaging? How are they introduced? | show 🗑
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| In formation of the fetal heart the heart tube appears by week? The Heart is completely formed by week? | show 🗑
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| The junction between the primitive ventricle(LV) and the bulbus cordis is called? The heart tube normally loops in what direction? What is this called? | show 🗑
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| What abnormality is present when the heart tube loops anterior and leftward? | show 🗑
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| What does the edocardial cushion divide? Failure of this endocardial cushion may result in what abnormality? | show 🗑
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| show | LV
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| What does the Bulbis cordis forms into? | show 🗑
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| RV, Ventricular outflow tracts and Truncus arteriosus | show 🗑
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| The ductus venosus after birth becomes? A.ligamentum venosum B.ligamentum teres C.ligamentim arteriosum D.Umbilical ligament | show 🗑
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| The umbilical vein after birth becomes the? | show 🗑
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