neurological disorders patho
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| what kind of disease is multiple sclerosis? | An autoimmune disorder.
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| What does MS affect? | the myelin sheath in CNS. Oligodendorcytes being attacked by immune system causes inflammation. this close nodes of ranvier so impulses can't jump.
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| What is the etiology of MS? | Idiopathic. More common in females in their 20's and 30's. Mostly affects those that live in upper northern climate.
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| What ate the s/s of MS? | Depends on what neuron is being affected. Motor neurons- weak and paralysis. Sensory neurons- affect the senses like the optic nerve results in blindness. Or certain neurons that affect memory and behavior. can be any combination of the three.
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| What happens to MS s/s when inflammation goes away? | s/s goes away too.
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| What is the diagnosis for MS | Scarring of the brain shows up on a CT or MRI.
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| Treatment for MS? | Steriods, anti-inflammatories during flare ups.
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| what is the prognosis for MS? | Unpredictable. Depends on what types of MS.
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| What does the basal ganglia do for our bodies? | Affects the motor cortex pass through basal ganglia to stimulate muscles. Basal ganglia has dopamine which the impulse pick up as the pass through. Dopamine stops some of these impulses.
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| Whats wrong with the basal ganglia with people with parkinson's disease? | Dopaminergic nerves in basal ganglia are damaged and don't stop some of the impulses and they all get through to stimulate and increase muscle tone.
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| What is the etiology of Parkinson's? | Idiopathic, in females more than males and starts after age 50.
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| What are the S/s of parkinson's? | Due to increased muscle tone. Tremor (opposing muscles fighting each other), Reflexion (head to toe, hunched over, reflexors have upper hand on flexors b/c of how attached), blank look on face.
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| What is the diagnosis of parkinson's? | Physical exam, a check list and its positive when you reach a certain score.
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| Treament for parkinson's? | Dopaminergic drugs- raise amount of dopamine in basal ganglia. Sinemet (leuodopa-make, carbidopa-break down slower). to much of these causes schizophrenia. Anticholinergics-decrease muscle activity but to much causes paralysis and GI stops.
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| Prognosis for parkinson's? | Fatal when affects breathing and swallowing but its so gradual that people live long lives.
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| What is Alzheimer's disease? | Amyloid plaques (protein) forms through out brain. Tau tangles (protein found in neurons) destroys neurons and cells collapse.
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| what does alzheimer's lead to? | Cerebral cortex then goes on to affect it all. Leads to dementia.
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| what is the etiology? | Idiopathic increases with age.
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| What is the pathogensis and s/s of the early stage? | Family members can provide care and patients can still have independence. Affects recent memory and can't remember the little things. Emotional changes such as depression, frusration, and anger.
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| What is the pathogensis and s/s of the early stage? | Losing long term memory. 24/7 care is needed. Forget who, where, when and what.Can't perform basic functions like personal care (going to the bathroom, bladder and bowel control).
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| What is the diagnosis for Alzhiemer's? | S/s, imaging to rule out other things that lead to dementia.
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| What is the treatments for early stage? | simplify life - simple meals they can make, meds in daily containers, care giver brings meds at right times so they actually take them.
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| What are the drugs used for alzhiemer's? | Aricept drug- increases acetylcholine in brain. Namenda- memory. Need nursing care 24/7.
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| What is the prognosis of alzhiemer's? | Fatal as it gets worse it affects breathing and swallowing.
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