psychology
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| psychotherapy | any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems
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| eclectic approach | method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies
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| psychoanalysis | a form of therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior and free themselves of self-defeating patterns
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| humanistic therapy | an approach to psychology that focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person and holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential
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| cognitive therapy | an approach in which thoughts are used to control emotions and behaviors
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| behavior therapy | a form of therapy that begins with clear, well-defined behavioral goals aimed at changing undesirable behavior through conditioning techniques
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| placebo effect | the influence that a patient's hopes and expectations have on his or her improvement during therapy
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| empathy | capacity for warmth and understanding
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| group therapy | patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems
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| self-help groups | people who share a particular problem, are often conducted without the active involvement of a professional therapist
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| insight | the apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem
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| free association | a method used to examine the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say whatever comes into his or her mind
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| resistance | the reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine longstanding behavior patterns
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| dream analysis | a technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret the content of patients' dreams
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| transference | the process, experienced by the patient, of feeling toward an analyst or therapist the way he or she feel/felt toward some other important figure in his or her life
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| client-centered therapy | reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy
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| non-directive therapy | the free flow of images and ideas, with no particular direction
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| active listening | empathetic listening; a listener acknowledges, restates, and clarifies the speaker's thoughts and concerns
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| unconditional positive regard | the therapist's consistent expression of acceptance of the patient, no matter what the patient says and does
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| behavior modification | a systematic method of changing the way a person acts and feels
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| rational-emotive therapy (RET) | a form of psychological help aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people
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| counter conditioning | a technique that pairs the stimulus that triggers an unwanted behavior with a new, more desirable behavior
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| systematic desensitization | a technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties
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| aversive conditioning | links an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior in an attempt to eliminate the behavior
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| contingency management | undesirable behavior is not reinforced, while desirable behavior is reinforced
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| token economy | desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects or points, which can be accumulated in exchange for various rewards
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| cognitive-behavior therapy | based on a combination of substituting healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and beliefs and changing disruptive behaviors in favor of healthy behaviors
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| drug therapy | biological therapy that uses medications
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| antipsychotic drugs | medication to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations by blocking the activity of dopamine in the brain; tranquilizers
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| antidepressants | medication to treat major depression by increasing the amount of one or both of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and serotonin
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| lithium carbonate | a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder
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| anti-anxiety drugs | medication that relieves anxiety and panic disorders by depressing the activity of the central nervous system
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| prefrontal lobotomy | a radical form of psychosurgery in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is destroyed
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | the electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance
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| psychosurgery | a medical operation that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer and freer of symptoms
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