Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care - Brady Books 2011
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| Microscopic Anatomy | Study of structures only seen with magnification (cytology & histology)
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| Macroscopic Anatomy | Study of structures visible to naked eye (xray)
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| Pathology | Study of disease
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| Cardiology | Study of heart
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| Gastrologist | One who studies the stomach
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| Rhinoplasty | Surgical repair of the nose
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| Pericarditis | Inflammation around the heart
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| Cardiologist | One who studies the heart
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| Cardiopathy | Disease of the heart
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| Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach
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| ACLS | Advanced cardiac life support
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| CA | Cancer
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| CXR | Chest x-ray
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| CAD | Coronary artery disease
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| NPO | Nothing by mouth, nil per os
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| p.r.n. | Whenever needed
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| STAT | Statim, immediately
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| Disease | Not at ease
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| Diagnosis | Know through or completely
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| Syndrome | Specific grouping of signs and symptoms
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| Etiology | Cause of the disease
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| Homeostasis | Stable environment in the body
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| Negative feedback loop | A feedback loop that opposes the stimulus, maintaining homeostasis
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| Positive feedback loop | Increases the magnitude of change, a change away from the ideal
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| Superior, cranial, cephalic | Toward the head or upper body
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| Inferior, caudal | Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body
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| Anterior, ventral | Toward or on the front of the body
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| Posterior, dorsal | Toward or on the back of the body
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| Medial | Near the middle or midline of the body
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| Lateral | Located away from the midline or on the side
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| Proximal | Close to the point of reference of the body
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| Distal | Away from the point of reference of the body
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| Transverse or Horizontal Plane | Superior & Inferior division (top & bottom)
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| Median or Midsagittal Plane | Right and left halves (equal sides, center of body)
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| Sagittal Plane | Right and left halves (not equal in size)
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| Cranial cavity | Contains brain
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| Spinal (vertebral cavity) | Contains spinal column
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| Chondriac | Ribs, cartilage
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| Hypochondriac | Lower rib region located right and left lateral
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| Hypogastric | Inferior to umbilical region, flanked by right and left iliac or inguinal regions
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| Umbilical Region | The area around the belly button
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| Carpal | Wrist
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| Gluteal | Buttocks
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| Orbital | Eye Area
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| Plantar | Sole of foot
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| Axillary | Armpit
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| Antebrachial | Forearm
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| Antecubital | Depressed area in front of elbow (elbow pit)
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| Buccal | Cheek
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| Atom | Smallest unit of element, contains protons, neutrons & electrons
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| Proton | Positively charged particle
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| Neutron | Neutral particle
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| Electron | Negatively charged particle, rotates around nucleus & found in shells
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| Electrolytes | Charged ions found in the body, influence the nervous system, muscle activity and fluid balance
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| Important Electrolytes | Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2), Chloride (Cl-), Hydrogen Phosphate (HPO4-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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| Acid | Chemical that can release hydrogen ions
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| Base | Accepts hydrogen ions, bitter taste (bicarbonate)
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| Ionic Bond | One atom donates electrons to another atom
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| Covalent Bond | When electrons are shared equally by the atoms involved in the bond
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| Polar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond that is unequal, one atom takes more than its share of shared electrons
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| Hydrophilic | Water loving molecules
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| Hydrophobic | Water fearing molecules
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| Hydrogen Bond | When water molecules bind weakly to the oxygen on another water molecule
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| Solution | when one substance is dissolved in another
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| Solute | Dissolved substance
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| Solvent | Substance doing the dissolving
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| Solute Concentration | Amount of solute dissolved in a solvent
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| Polar | Have a charge
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| Element | What all matter is made of
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| Na | Sodium
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| Fe | Iron
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| Cu | Copper
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| Zn | Zinc
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| Mn | Manganese
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| I | Iodine
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| F | Florine
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| NaCl | Salt
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| H | Hydrogen
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| He | Helium
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| Li | Lithium
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| K+ | Potassium
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| Cl- | Chloride
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| HPO-4 | Hydrogen Phosphate
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| HCO-3 | Bicarbonate
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| Acids & Bases | Electrolytes that conduct electricity and break down (dissociate) in water.
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| Regulates acid/base balance | Respiratory & Renal
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| Respiratory system | Take in air and get rid of carbon
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| Ionization of water is .... | Weak
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| ph >7 | Alkaline
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| pH <7 | Acidic
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| pH+p0H= | 14
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| Glycogen | Molecule in liver used to store energy
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| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides hooked together
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| Monosaccharide | Simple sugars have 5-6 carbons
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| C | Carbon
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| Molecule categories | Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
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| Carbohydrates molecular makeup | 1 carbon/2 hydrogens/1 oxygen
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| Sucrose | Table sugar
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| Glucose | C6H12O6
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| Lactated Ringers | Sodium 130/Potassium 4/Calcium 3/Chloride 109/Osmolarity 273
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| Saline | Sodium 154/Chloride 154/Osmolarity 308
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| D5W | Osmolarity 252
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| D10W | Osmolarity 505
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| Hydro | Water
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| Phil | Love
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| Phobia | Fear
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| Lipids | Carbon & hydrogen, little o2, hydrophobic, store energy, communication & protection (Cholesterol, triglycerides)
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| Biological molecules | Found in living things, contain (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen)
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| Carbohydrates are ..... | Sugars/Starches
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| Waxes | Lipids
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| Phospholipid have .... | Two fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic
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| Steroid | Lipid with carbon atoms arranged in rings (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)
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| Protein | Long Chain of Amino Acids, act as collagen in tendons and ligaments, protects against infection, stores energy, allows cells to communicate, speeds up reactions (enzymes)
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| Peptide bond | Ties amino acids together and is unique to protein molecules
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| Nucleic Acid | RNA/DNA/genetic code/control activities of cells
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| Metabolism | All chemical operations within body
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| Anabolism | Built up, growth, repair & reproduction
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| Catabolism | Break down
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| Dehydration synthesis | Water is removed and biological molecules join to form larger molecules
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| Hydrolysis reactions | Catabolic reactions that use water to break apart larger molecules
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| Abnormal catabolism | Starvation
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| Organelles | Small cell parts
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| Enzymes | Special protein needed for dehydrations synthesis & hydrolysis, speed up chemical reactions, special binding sites, carry biological molecules and substrates. Specific.
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| Full binding sites | Saturated
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| Inhibited enzymes | prevent substrate from binding
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| Digestion | Breaking down of food
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| Cellular Respiration | Glucose is combined with O2 and transformed in mitochondria into ATP
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate
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| ATP is made of .... | A base (sugar and three phosphates)
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| ATP becomes ADP | When a bond is used
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| ATP is produced in | Mitochondria of the cells
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| Electron Transport Chain contains | Four enzyme systems that produce ATP & Water
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| pH is measure of | Acidity or Alkalinity
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| Atoms are bound together to form | Molecules
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| If electrons are shared by atoms | the bond is covalent
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| Carbon dioxide is a weak | Acid
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| If one atom gains electrons while the other loses | the bond is ionic and the molecule is polar
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| Atoms gain or lose electrons causing them to have a | charge
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| Smallest unit recognizable chemically | element
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| Elements are made of | atoms
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| Atoms consist of | neutrons and protons surrounded by electrons
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| All living matter is composed of | elements
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| Water is | polar covalent molecule
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| Water is the basis of all body | fluids
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| Molecules that mix with water | polar and hydrophilic
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| Molecules that will not mix with water are | hydrophobic
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| Solutions consists of | substance dissolved (solute) in a liquid (solvent)
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| Solvent in biological systems is | water
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| Living things are made of _____ molecules | biological
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| Biological molecules fall into four categories | Proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids
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| Cells must have ____ to carry out metabolism | ATP
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| ATP is made via | cellular respiration
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| Enzymes, biological catalysts | necessary for cellular metabolism
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| Metabolism is dependent on | Breakdown and manufacture of biological molecules
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| Each type (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids have | unique characteristics
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| Electrolytes are | charged ions
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| Cells are | building blocks
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| # of cells in human body | 7.5 trillion
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| Name some Cell types | Bone, nerve, connective tissue, skeletal, blood, smooth, fat
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| Cell Membrane is also known as | plasma membrane
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| selectively permeable | semi permeable
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| Cell membrane acts a ________ covering | protective
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| All human cells contain | nucleus (except red blood cells), organelle, cytoplasm & cell membrane
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| Cell membrane is made of | Double layer of phospholipids oriented tail to tail
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| Cell membranes contain abundant amounts of | cholesterol
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| Proteins act as channels so substrates may pass across the | cell membrane
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| All cells must have a | membrane to maintain integrity and survive
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| Hydro____ cells prevent passage/Hydro ______ pass easily through the cell membrane | Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic
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| Movement across cell membrane - two ways | Passive and Active Transport
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| Passive requires ____ energy | No
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| Four types of passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion
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| Diffusion is | Most common passive transport - solute travels from high to low concentration
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| Osmosis is | Passive transport - water travels through a selectively permeable membrane when a concentration gradient is present - low to high - pulled by osmotic pressure - until concentration is same on both sides.
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| Osmotic pressure | pulled from lower to higher concentration. Greater the concentration of solute the greater the osmotic pressure.
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| Water has a _____ solvent | polar
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| Water passes through special ______ in the cell membrane | passages
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| Filtration | Pressure applied to force water and dissolved materials across a membrane (Passive)
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| Major supplier of force in the body is the | pumping heart
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| Where filtration takes place in the body | kidneys. The heart forces blood flow into the kidneys
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| Facilitated Diffusion | substance is assisted via carrier molecule in a direction it was already traveling (high to low)
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| Facilitated Diffusions is highly | specific, only able to carry one type of molecule, subject to saturation, competition and inhibition (carriers are blocked)
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| Glucose is also know as | dextrose
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| Glucose is the principal ____ used by cells for energy production | Carbohydrate
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| Most energy production occurs in the | mitochondria
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| Glucose molecule is too large to enter the cell through | diffusion
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| Glucose enters the cell through | facilitated diffusion using protein transport
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| During stress ____ stores are depleted | ATP
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| In the intestine and kidneys glucose transport requires | energy
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| Active transport of _______ is uncommon | glucose
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| Three types of active transport | Active transport pumps, endocytosis, Exocytosis
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| Endocytosis | Moving substances into the cell using vesicles
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| Exocytosis | Transport of material to the outside of the cell using vesicles
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| Active Transport Pump | Require additional energy (ATP) to move substances against the gradient (low to high) using carriers
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| exo | outside
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| endo | within
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| cyt | cell
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| osis | condition
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| phago | eating
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| pino | to drink
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| phagocytosis | Form of endocytosis - solid particles are brought into the cell in a vesicle
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| pinocytosis | Liquid substance transported in a water filled vesicle into the cell
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| Cytoplasm | Special environment inside a cell that the cell needs to survive
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| Nucleus | Brain of the cell or control center
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| Nucleus dictates the activities of the | organelles
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| Nucleus is surrounded by a | double walled membrane with large pores to allow certain material to pass in and out
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| Chromatin | material found in nucleus that contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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| Chromatin forms | chromosomes which contain genes
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| Nucleolus | spherical body made of dense fibers
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| Nucleolus major function is to | synthesize RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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| Ribosomes are | organelles found on endoplasmic reticulum or floating around in the cytoplasm
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| Ribosomes are made of | RNA
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| Ribosomes assist in the production of | enzymes and other proteins to repair and reproduce,
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| Centrosomes | Builds new cells
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| Centrosomes contain | centrioles that are involved in the division of cells. Tubular and found in pairs
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| Mitochondria | Tiny bean shaped organelles, provide 95% of bodys energy for cellular repair, movement and reproduction.
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| ATP is made in the | mitochondria
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| If a cell type is ver active there are a larger number of _____ in that cell | mitochondria
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| Liver can have up to ______ mitochondria in each cell | 2000
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| Sperm cells swim with a tail called a | flagellum
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | channels in the cytoplasm formed from folded membrane
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| Endoplasmic reticulum comes in two forms | Rough & Smooth
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum has _____ on its surface and is responsible for the synthesis of ______ | ribosomes/protein
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has _____ on its surface | no ribosomes
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| Once the protein is synthesized it is sent to the ____ for processing | Golgi
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| Golgi | Organelle looks like flattened membranous sacs, processes and stores and surrounds the protein with a vesicle and travels to the membrane where it releases it (exocytosis)
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| The digestive system have a _____ number of Golgi | high
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| Some proteins made in the Golgi stay in the cell and become | lysosomes
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| Lysosomes are _____ and maintain health by destroying bacteria with a process called ______ | Multitalented/phagocytosis
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| Lysosomes are vesicles containing powerful_____ enzymes that ______ up intracellular debris and other waste | hydrolytic/clean
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| Hydrolytic enzymes speed up | hydrolysis reactions
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| Cytoskeleton | network of microtubules and interconnected filaments that provide shape and allow the cell to move
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| Flagella | Whip shaped tails that move the cells similar to a tadpole
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| Cilia | short microsopic hairlike located on cell surface that move in a wavelike motion and move the cell in a given direction
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| Ciliary Action | Clean the lungs of dust particles and germs
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| Cellular reproduction | making new cells
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| Cell division | divides cells in two
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| Eukaryotic cell | Cells that make up the human body
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| Asexual reproduction | Cell made an identical copy of itself without another cell
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| Bacteria has _____ chromosome | one
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| Human cells have ____ chromosomes | 46
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| Bacterials cells do not have _____ and reproduce easily through ______ | organelles or a nucleus/binary fission
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| All ________ must be copied before a cell can divide | Chromosomes
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| Mitosis | The process of sorting the chromosomes so that each cell gets the right number of copies of all the genetic material. Mitosis is how eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually
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| Eukaryotic cell life phases called the cell cycle which consists of two major phases | Interphase and mitotic phase
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| Interphase | Cell is not dividing, but stockpiling materials and preparing for division by copying dna and making organelles.
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| Mitotic Phase is____ and divided into two parts _____ | Brief portion devoted to cell division. Two parts - Mitosis is cell division/genetic sorting & Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm
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| Mitosis is divided into 4 phases | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| Prophase | Nucleus disappears, chromosomes appear and anchor lines, guide wires, spindle forms
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| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the center
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| Anaphase | Chromosomes split and spindles pull apart
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| Telophase | chromosomes far end of cell, spindle disappears and nuclei reappear
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| Pro | before
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| Meta | between
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| Ana | without
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| Telo | the end
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| Cytokinesis happens the cell divides in half during or immediately after | telophase
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| Mother cell divides into two | daughter cells
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| Mitosis vs meiosis | Mitosis -asexual, produces an exact copy. Meiosis - produces gametes or sexual cells, contain half of ea cell of a female and male cell
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| metastasis | breaking off and spreading of malignant cells
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| Magnetotaxis | the bacterias ability to move in response to magnetic forces. bacteria possess iron oxide stored in a cell called magnetosome
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| Capsid | Protective protein coat on viruses
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| Staphyl | bunch
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| Strept | chain
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| Fungi or fungus | one celled or multicelled
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| Mycelia | tiny filaments
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| Fungi spread through the release of | spores
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| Fungi usually do not affect us but can affect a damaged _____ or damaged _____ | immune system/ cells
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| Protozoa | one celled and causes disease through ingestion or insect bites
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| Fungai examples | yeast, ringworm, aspergillus, cryptococcus
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| Plasmodium | causes malaria protozoa
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| trypanosoma | causes sleeping sickness protozoa
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