Microbiology
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| microbiology | the study of organisms (living things) that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye; plays an important role in ecology; a small percent are pathogenic (disease causing)
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| examples of microorganisms (microbes) | bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths (parasitic worms), and viruses that can cause infection
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| eukaryotic | single-celled organisms that possess defined nuclei, various organelles, enclosed genetic material, and a membrane enclosed structure; "true nucleus"
(examples: fungi. protozoa, algae, and viruses)
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| prokaryotes | organisms that lack a defined nucleus and organelles, and possess free-floating chromosomes; "pre-nucleus"
(examples: bacteria and archae)
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| bacteria | unicellular prokaryote, various in shape and arrangement, that reproduce by binary fission; their cell walls generally contain peptidoglycan and some have flagella for motility
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| archae | prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan, and live under extreme conditions
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| which areas of study in microbiology are according to the organisms studied? | - bacteriology
- mycology
- phycology
- parasitology
- virology
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| bacteriology | the study of bacteria
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| mycology | the study of fungi
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| phycology | the study of algae
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| parasitology | the study of parasites (protozoa and helminths)
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| which areas of study in microbiology are according to the processes studied? | - microbial metabolism
- microbial genetics
- microbial ecology
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| microbial metabolism | biochemistry of microbes
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| microbial genetics | transmission and expression of genetic information
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| microbial ecology | microbial interactions with each other and the environment
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| which areas of study in microbiology are according to health-related fields? | - immunology
- epidemiology
- etiology
- infection control
- chemotherapy
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| immunology | studies how our bodies defend themselves against microbes
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| epidemiology | studies how diseases affect populations and how they might be distributed among a population
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| etiology | studies the cause of diseases
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| infection control | controlling hospital acquired (nosocomial) infections
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| chemotherapy | therapy that uses chemical substances to control diseases
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| which areas of study in microbiology are according to application of knowledge? | - food and beverage technology
- environmental microbiology
- industrial microbiology
- pharmaceutical microbiology
- genetic engineering
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| viruses | noncellular pathogenic entities; intracellular parasites
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| normal microbiota | microbes that live on and in our bodies and have a beneficial role in our health
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| infectious disease | when certain microbes (pathogens) grow inappropriately on us and cause disease
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| emerging infectious disease | new forms of microbes causing new diseases or causing new version of old diseases to reappear
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| scientific method | the general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon, whose steps include:
1. formulate a hypothesis
2. test the hypothesis
3. retest the hypothesis
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| hypothesis | possible explanation for observations
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| experiment | testing the hypothesis to support or discredit the hypothesis
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| repetitive validation | continual retesting of the hypothesis
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| theory | a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event
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| taxonomy | the science of classifying living beings originated by Carl von Linne
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| what are the three major areas addressed in taxonomy? | 1. classification (arrangement of organisms into groups)
2. nomenclature (naming of organisms)
3. identification (examining various organisms and using the traits observed to place them into taxonomic groupings)
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| what are the taxonomic categories in order? | 1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
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| evolution | the study of how organisms have changed over millions of years; based on two major concepts:
1. all new species originate from pre-existing cells
2. closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms
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| binomial nomenclature | the method of assigning a scientific or specific name that is always a combination of the generic (genus) name followed by the species name (example: "homo sapiens" = the scientific name for humans
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