Environment
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Levels of organization (put in order from smallest to largest) | Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
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| What is a food chain | A hierarchy of organisms, what eats what
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| Name the roles in a food chain with examples for each | Producer (flower) , primary consumer (caterpillar), secondary consumer (bird) , tertiary consumer (cat) , scavenger (vulture), decomposer (mushrooms)
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| What is a food web? | complex network of many food chains that shows the flow energy
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| Name the levels of an energy pyramid from largest to smallest | Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers…. apex predator
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| What are the levels of the food chain called? | Trophic levels
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| What is the#1 rule in an energy pyramid? | only 10 % of energy is available to next level and other 90 % goes to living, getting food, reproducing
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| What is the biosphere? | Part of earth where all organisms exist
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| What are the 4 parts of biosphere? | Ecosphere (surface of earth and has all ecosystems), Lithosphere (below earth’s surface), hydrosphere (all water not in lithosphere/atmosphere), Atmosphere (area of gases that surround planet)
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| Habitat | the type of environment in which an organism lives
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| Define Ecological Niche | place or function of organism in its ecosystem
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| What are the 5 needs of an organism? | Air, Water, Food, Shelter, Space
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| Symbiosis | long term relationship between two organisms
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| list 3 types of symbiosis | parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
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| What is Parasitism? | one organism benefits while the other is harmed
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| 2 types of parasitism? | endoparasitism (work inside the body) and ectoparasitism (work outside body)
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| Brood parasitism | species that lay their eggs in the nest of another
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| List the 4 types Mutualism | trophic, cleaning symbiosis, defense, dispersive
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| What is trophic mutualism? | both help feed each other
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| What is cleaning symbiosis? | one species gets food and shelter, other has parasites removed
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| What is defense mutualism? Give example | one species protects the other and benefits (ex) ant protects acacia tree, eats sugar of its leaves
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| What is dispersive mutualism? Give ex. | One species gets food for moving pollen off another (ex) bees and flowers
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| What is Commensalism? Give an example | One species benefits while the isn’t affected or harmed (ex) epiphytes, which are plants that grow on other plants
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| Co-evolution | when species influence each others evolution
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| What are three animal strategies for eating plants? | special teeth and mouth, 4 chambered stomach, being able to take in plant toxins
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| What is the first step of the nitrogen cycle? | Nitrogen (N2) from air falls to ground with rain and gets soaked up in soil, where it can meet 4 types of bacteria
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| What process does Bacteria 1 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain. | Nitrogen fixation; it combines the nitrogen with hydrogen to make the compound ammonia (NH3)
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| What process does Bacteria 2 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain. | Nitrification; it combines ammonia with oxygen to make nitrate (NO3)
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| What are 2 reasons why nitrites important? | plants can safely absorb and use to build proteins + then animals get them when they eat plants
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| What are 2 ways nitrogen is released from organisms? | when animals eat plants and release in feces + things die and nitrogen released into ground again
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| What process does Bacteria 3 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain | Ammonification; It changes the nitrites (NO3) to ammonia (NH3)
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| What process does Bacteria 4 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain. | Denitrification; it takes the oxygen away from from NO3 and leftover nitrogen returns to air in N2 form
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| What is another way nitrogen is released? | dead bodies in ground go in fossil fuels → fuels burned releases nitrogen in air
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| What do humans do to the nitrogen cycle? How can we help? | humans burn fossil fuels = too much nitrogen in air. Can help by using renewable energy.
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| List the 3 main stages of the water cycle | condensation, precipitation, evaporation
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| What happens in condensation? | gaseous water condenses into clouds + water molecules collect in clouds
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| What happens in precipitation? | water molecules in clouds get big enough to fall (rain) and returns to earth
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| What is infiltration? What does it help do? | when water soaks into ground (called groundwater) allows us to farms, drink,
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| What is transpiration? | process in which water evaporates from plants
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| What is Runoff? | water that moves along earth’s surface, adds to streams and rivers
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| What happens in evaporation? | heat energy from sun breaks up the bonds in water molecules, and they evaporate
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| Where does ocean get its water from? | precipitation, groundwater, rivers
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| What are reservoirs? | storage places of water
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| Water is always cycling from the ____ to the _____ and back | atmosphere, earth
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| There is always the same amount of water in ___ and ____ stays balanced because ______ | in atmosphere and earth’s surface, evaporation and precipitation constantly occur
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| How does the sun affect the hydrosphere? | it helps keep the water moving around the hydrosphere
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| Water cycle has been ____ for ____ of years | circulating for billions of years
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| What is carbon also known as? Why? | building block of all life, because it is in sugar which is in DNA
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| Where is most carbon found? | in air, in mantle
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| How is carbon naturally released? | when something dies, from volcanic eruptions, humans and animals breathe it out
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| How is carbon unnaturally released? | burning fossil fuels
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| What are carbon sinks? | things that take in more carbon than they release (plants, oceans)
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| Why has carbon dioxide been increasing | burning oil, coal, cutting trees_
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| What happens to CO2 when you burn rainforests? | burning = burning = CO2 in air, less trees = more CO2
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| Define greenhouse effect | warming up of the earth from greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like CO2 and methane
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| What happens in the greenhouse effect? | plants, water, land send some solar radiation back in form of infrared radiation (heat) → greenhouse gases trap it and send it back to earth
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| Why is too much CO2 bad? | it means too many greenhouses gases which means the earth will get too warm
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| Define primary succession | gradual growth of organisms in a bare rock area
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| What happens in primary succession? | bare rocks grows lichen, which breaks down the rock into soil using its acid. Then insects + small animals come. Then bigger plants and more moisture, bigger animals. Eventual climax community.
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| What are pioneer organisms? | organisms that enter an area first (moss and lichen)
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| What is a climax community? | a stable community with plants and animals
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| Define secondary succession? | Change in a community that has soil.
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| What happens in secondary succession? | Weeds → grasses → shrubs → young forest → mature forest
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| How does secondary succession usually start? | with a fire
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| What are two main differences between primary and secondary succession? | 1) primary happens from bare rock, secondary happens from soil 2) Secondary is way faster because it doesn’t have that bare rock stage.
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| Name the 4 types of Competition | Interspecific, intraspecific, interference, exploitative
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| What is interspecific competition? | over resources between different species
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| What is intraspecific competition? | over resources between same species
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| What is interference competition? | fighting/disrupting
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| What is the Competition exclusion theory(basically)? | all organisms exist in competition for available resources
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| Describe 3 parts of Competition Exclusion Theory | a. organisms that create competitive advantage will flourish at expense of less competitive b. No two organisms have same niche c. One lives, the other dies
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| 3 most common animal interactions | Competing for same food supply, Eating (predation), Avoiding being eaten
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| What is a predator? | An organism that lives by preying on other organisms
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| Why do the predator and prey rise and fall as they do in the population graph? | As the prey rise, the predators ride just behind them. As they rise they overpopulate and many prey get eaten. The predators then die until the prey can repopulate.
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| Gregarious | prey that tend to form groups with others of same species
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| Camouflage | adaptation allows the animal to blend in with environment to
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| Batesian Mimicry | Looking like another species that is dangerous or may taste bad
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| Mullerian mimicry | lots of species that all share warning colors (red, warm colors)
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| Relative abundance | amount of each species in percent (of that community, 6 percent are beta fish)
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| Biomass | weight of living material
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| Frequency | repeating events over time
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| What is biodiversity? Why is it important? | variety of species in an ecosystem (more variety → healthier ecosystem)
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| Avoidance (give ex) | animals have certain physical features that help them not get eaten (ex) warning colors, shells, poisonous, spikes
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