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S2 Science Exam
Environment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Levels of organization (put in order from smallest to largest) | Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere |
| What is a food chain | A hierarchy of organisms, what eats what |
| Name the roles in a food chain with examples for each | Producer (flower) , primary consumer (caterpillar), secondary consumer (bird) , tertiary consumer (cat) , scavenger (vulture), decomposer (mushrooms) |
| What is a food web? | complex network of many food chains that shows the flow energy |
| Name the levels of an energy pyramid from largest to smallest | Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers…. apex predator |
| What are the levels of the food chain called? | Trophic levels |
| What is the#1 rule in an energy pyramid? | only 10 % of energy is available to next level and other 90 % goes to living, getting food, reproducing |
| What is the biosphere? | Part of earth where all organisms exist |
| What are the 4 parts of biosphere? | Ecosphere (surface of earth and has all ecosystems), Lithosphere (below earth’s surface), hydrosphere (all water not in lithosphere/atmosphere), Atmosphere (area of gases that surround planet) |
| Habitat | the type of environment in which an organism lives |
| Define Ecological Niche | place or function of organism in its ecosystem |
| What are the 5 needs of an organism? | Air, Water, Food, Shelter, Space |
| Symbiosis | long term relationship between two organisms |
| list 3 types of symbiosis | parasitism, mutualism, commensalism |
| What is Parasitism? | one organism benefits while the other is harmed |
| 2 types of parasitism? | endoparasitism (work inside the body) and ectoparasitism (work outside body) |
| Brood parasitism | species that lay their eggs in the nest of another |
| List the 4 types Mutualism | trophic, cleaning symbiosis, defense, dispersive |
| What is trophic mutualism? | both help feed each other |
| What is cleaning symbiosis? | one species gets food and shelter, other has parasites removed |
| What is defense mutualism? Give example | one species protects the other and benefits (ex) ant protects acacia tree, eats sugar of its leaves |
| What is dispersive mutualism? Give ex. | One species gets food for moving pollen off another (ex) bees and flowers |
| What is Commensalism? Give an example | One species benefits while the isn’t affected or harmed (ex) epiphytes, which are plants that grow on other plants |
| Co-evolution | when species influence each others evolution |
| What are three animal strategies for eating plants? | special teeth and mouth, 4 chambered stomach, being able to take in plant toxins |
| What is the first step of the nitrogen cycle? | Nitrogen (N2) from air falls to ground with rain and gets soaked up in soil, where it can meet 4 types of bacteria |
| What process does Bacteria 1 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain. | Nitrogen fixation; it combines the nitrogen with hydrogen to make the compound ammonia (NH3) |
| What process does Bacteria 2 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain. | Nitrification; it combines ammonia with oxygen to make nitrate (NO3) |
| What are 2 reasons why nitrites important? | plants can safely absorb and use to build proteins + then animals get them when they eat plants |
| What are 2 ways nitrogen is released from organisms? | when animals eat plants and release in feces + things die and nitrogen released into ground again |
| What process does Bacteria 3 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain | Ammonification; It changes the nitrites (NO3) to ammonia (NH3) |
| What process does Bacteria 4 do in the nitrogen cycle? Explain. | Denitrification; it takes the oxygen away from from NO3 and leftover nitrogen returns to air in N2 form |
| What is another way nitrogen is released? | dead bodies in ground go in fossil fuels → fuels burned releases nitrogen in air |
| What do humans do to the nitrogen cycle? How can we help? | humans burn fossil fuels = too much nitrogen in air. Can help by using renewable energy. |
| List the 3 main stages of the water cycle | condensation, precipitation, evaporation |
| What happens in condensation? | gaseous water condenses into clouds + water molecules collect in clouds |
| What happens in precipitation? | water molecules in clouds get big enough to fall (rain) and returns to earth |
| What is infiltration? What does it help do? | when water soaks into ground (called groundwater) allows us to farms, drink, |
| What is transpiration? | process in which water evaporates from plants |
| What is Runoff? | water that moves along earth’s surface, adds to streams and rivers |
| What happens in evaporation? | heat energy from sun breaks up the bonds in water molecules, and they evaporate |
| Where does ocean get its water from? | precipitation, groundwater, rivers |
| What are reservoirs? | storage places of water |
| Water is always cycling from the ____ to the _____ and back | atmosphere, earth |
| There is always the same amount of water in ___ and ____ stays balanced because ______ | in atmosphere and earth’s surface, evaporation and precipitation constantly occur |
| How does the sun affect the hydrosphere? | it helps keep the water moving around the hydrosphere |
| Water cycle has been ____ for ____ of years | circulating for billions of years |
| What is carbon also known as? Why? | building block of all life, because it is in sugar which is in DNA |
| Where is most carbon found? | in air, in mantle |
| How is carbon naturally released? | when something dies, from volcanic eruptions, humans and animals breathe it out |
| How is carbon unnaturally released? | burning fossil fuels |
| What are carbon sinks? | things that take in more carbon than they release (plants, oceans) |
| Why has carbon dioxide been increasing | burning oil, coal, cutting trees_ |
| What happens to CO2 when you burn rainforests? | burning = burning = CO2 in air, less trees = more CO2 |
| Define greenhouse effect | warming up of the earth from greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like CO2 and methane |
| What happens in the greenhouse effect? | plants, water, land send some solar radiation back in form of infrared radiation (heat) → greenhouse gases trap it and send it back to earth |
| Why is too much CO2 bad? | it means too many greenhouses gases which means the earth will get too warm |
| Define primary succession | gradual growth of organisms in a bare rock area |
| What happens in primary succession? | bare rocks grows lichen, which breaks down the rock into soil using its acid. Then insects + small animals come. Then bigger plants and more moisture, bigger animals. Eventual climax community. |
| What are pioneer organisms? | organisms that enter an area first (moss and lichen) |
| What is a climax community? | a stable community with plants and animals |
| Define secondary succession? | Change in a community that has soil. |
| What happens in secondary succession? | Weeds → grasses → shrubs → young forest → mature forest |
| How does secondary succession usually start? | with a fire |
| What are two main differences between primary and secondary succession? | 1) primary happens from bare rock, secondary happens from soil 2) Secondary is way faster because it doesn’t have that bare rock stage. |
| Name the 4 types of Competition | Interspecific, intraspecific, interference, exploitative |
| What is interspecific competition? | over resources between different species |
| What is intraspecific competition? | over resources between same species |
| What is interference competition? | fighting/disrupting |
| What is the Competition exclusion theory(basically)? | all organisms exist in competition for available resources |
| Describe 3 parts of Competition Exclusion Theory | a. organisms that create competitive advantage will flourish at expense of less competitive b. No two organisms have same niche c. One lives, the other dies |
| 3 most common animal interactions | Competing for same food supply, Eating (predation), Avoiding being eaten |
| What is a predator? | An organism that lives by preying on other organisms |
| Why do the predator and prey rise and fall as they do in the population graph? | As the prey rise, the predators ride just behind them. As they rise they overpopulate and many prey get eaten. The predators then die until the prey can repopulate. |
| Gregarious | prey that tend to form groups with others of same species |
| Camouflage | adaptation allows the animal to blend in with environment to |
| Batesian Mimicry | Looking like another species that is dangerous or may taste bad |
| Mullerian mimicry | lots of species that all share warning colors (red, warm colors) |
| Relative abundance | amount of each species in percent (of that community, 6 percent are beta fish) |
| Biomass | weight of living material |
| Frequency | repeating events over time |
| What is biodiversity? Why is it important? | variety of species in an ecosystem (more variety → healthier ecosystem) |
| Avoidance (give ex) | animals have certain physical features that help them not get eaten (ex) warning colors, shells, poisonous, spikes |
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mhaq.16
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