Insulin info
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| Insulin are classified as | Antidiabetic agents.
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| Whats the function of insulin | insulin functions to transport glucose into the cell and in the liver releases glucose into the blood.
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| List the prototypes of insulin | injectable and oral
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| Beta cells secrete | hypoglycemia hormone in cells.
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| Delta cells release | somatostatin-a hormone that inhibits both glucagon and insulin.
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| F cells synthesize and secrete | pancreatic polypetides used in digestion.
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| Describe the functions of insulin | Regulates carbohydrte metabolism. Helps regulate fat and protein metabolism. Results in lower blood glucose.
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| Describe the function of liver inregards to insulin | uptake and storage of glucose as glycogen, excess glucose is stored as fat, suppresses the liver producing glucose.
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| Active insulin must bind to | cell receptor sites.
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| Type 1 diabetics | insulin replaces hormone insulin normally produced in pancreas.
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| Type 2 diabetics | when diet/wt control have failed to maintain blood glucose levels.
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| Insulin may also be used by altered heath states like | pregnancy, surgery, trauma, infection, renal, liver, endocrine dysfunction.
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| Insulin is necessary for normal | carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
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| Sources of insulin | commercially available. Sometimes indivdually formulated for use in infants with diluents.
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| Injectable insulin is used with | Type I, occassionally type II, and some gestational diabetes.
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| Different types and species of insulin have | different pharmacological properties.
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| Human insulin now is preferred for | pregnant women or individuals expected to use insulin only intermittently, diabetic women considering pregnancy, individuals with allergies or immue resistance to animal-derived insulins or intialating insulin therapy.
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| pharmacodynamics | insulin is required to provide
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| Insulin controls | storage and metabolism of carbo, proteins, and fat.
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| Insuln converts | glucose to glycogen in the liver.
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| insulin's absorption varies by | type and route of medication.
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| How must insulin be injected (where) when GI enzymes destroy insulin | oral.
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| When using SC or needles for insulin pump, make sure to | rotate sites.
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| Insulin contraindications | hypersensitivity or insulin resistance (requiring change in insulin type).
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| Insulin is cautioned with | children, elderly, and pregnant.
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| Insulin interacts with | glucocorticoids and thiazide diuretics (incl. glood glucose). Alcohol increases insulin effect; betablocerks mask hypoglycemia.
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| Patients response to insulin changes how pt responds to | other drugs, can produce side effects.
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| Variables to consider with insulin | insulin type, injection technique and site, insulin antibodies, somogyl effect and dawn phenomenon. Illness or high stress, hypo and hyperglycemic states.
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| Humalog onset | 10-15 min.
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| Humalog Peak | .5 - 1.5 hrs.
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| Huamlog duration | 3-5 hrs.
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| Regular insulin onset | .5-1 hr.
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| Regular insulin peak | 2-3 hrs.
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| Regular insulin duration | 6-8 hrs.
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| Patient education for hypoglycemia | tachycardia, irritability, restlessness, excessive hunger, diaphoresis, depression, blood sugar less than 60mg/dl
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| Patient education for hyperglycemia | polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, wt loss, fatigue, frequent infections, blood sugr above 99 mm/dl when fasting.
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| Lente Humulin L onset | 1-3 hours
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| Lente Humulin L peak | 6-12 hrs.
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| Lente Humulin L duration | 16-24 hrs.
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| Ultra Lente glargine onset | 4-8 hrs.
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| Ultra Lente glargine peak | 12-18 hrs.
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| Ultra Lente glargine duration | 2-48 hrs.
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