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| testicular mass that does not transilluminate | cancer
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| malignant, PAINLESS, homogenous | seminoma
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| 15-35 year old man, most common testicular tumor | seminoma
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| large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and fried egg appearance | seminoma
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| malignant but radiosenstive | seminoma
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| malignant and PAINFUL | embryonal carcinoma
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| increased hCG and normal AFP when pure (increased AFP when mixed) | embryonal carcinoma
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| glandular/papillary morphology. "pure" is rare | embryonal carcinoma
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| yellow, mucinous | yolk sac tumor
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| schiller duvall bodies | primitive glomeruli, increased AFP, yolk sac tumor
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| malignant, increased HCG | choriocarcinoma
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| disorder syncytiotrophoblastic and cytotrophoblastic elements | choriocarcinoma
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| hematogenous spread to lung | choriocarcinoma
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| gynecomastia | choriocarcinoma hCG is LH analog
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| fibroadenoma | small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges, <35 yr
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| intraductal papilloma | small tumor that grows in lactiferous ducts. Beneath areola
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| phyllodes tumor | large bulky mass of CT and cysts. leaf like
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| most common in 6th decade | phyloodes tumor
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| serous or bloody nipple discharge, benign | intraductal papilloma
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| fills ductal lumen, arises from ductal hyperplasia | DCIS
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| early malignancy w/o BM involvement | DCIS
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| ductal, caseous necrosis, subtype of DCIS | comedocarcinoma
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| firm, fibrous, rock hard mass with sharp margins with shsarp margins and small, glandular, dudct like cells. stellate morphology | invasive ductal
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| worst and most invasive, most common breast cancer | invasive ductal
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| orderly row of cells, often multiple, bilateral | invasive lobular
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| inflammatory breast cancer | dermal lymphatic invasion of breast carcinoma, peau d'orange; neoplastic cells block lymphatic drainage
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| paget's disease | eczematous patches on nipple, large cells in epidermis with clear halo
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| most common cause of breast lumps from age 25 to menopause | fibrocystic disease
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| premenstrual breast pain, multiple lesions, bilateral | fibrocystic disease
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| hyperplasia of breast stroma | fibrosis
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| increased acini and intralobular fibrosis | sclerosing adenosis; a/w calcifications
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| epithelial hyperplasia | increased number of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule
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| dysuria, frequency, urgency, low back pain | prostaitis
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| acute prostatitis | bacterial - E. coli
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| chronic prostatitis | bacterial or abacterial
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| nodular enlargement of lateral and middle (periurethral) lobes | BPH
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| may lead to hydronephrosis and UTI | BPH
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| increased FREE PSA | BPH
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| increased total PSA with decreased fraction of free PSA | prostate cancer
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| posterior lobe (peripheral zone) | prostate cancer
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| normal testosterone levels, impaired spermatogenesis | cryptorchidism
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| decreased inhibin, increased FSH, normal LH and testoerone | cryptorchidism
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| transilluminated | lesions in the serous covering of testis- hydrocele, spermatocele
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| increased fluid secondary to incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis | hydrocele
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| meds that cause priapism | anticoagulants, PDE5 inhibitors, antidepressants, alpha blockers, cocaine
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| no sexual hair, testes in labia majora, increased testosterone, estrogen, LH | androgen insensitivity syndrome
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| AR; nl estrogen/testosterone levels, LH is normal or increased | 5 alpha reductase def
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| defective development of GnRH cells and olfactory placode; decreased synthesis of GnRH in the hypothalamus; decreased GnRH, dec FSH, dec LH, dec testosterone, dec sperm count | kallmann syndrome
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| cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium (trophoblast) that presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding | hydatidiform mole
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| no fetus during 1st sonogram, snowstorm appearance | hydatidiform mole
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| tx of hydatidiform mole | dilatation and curettage and methotrexate
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| period when HTN occurs in preeclampsia | 20 weeks gestation to 6 weeks postpartum
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| HTN before 20 weeks | molar pregnancy
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| increased incidence of pre-eclampsia in whom? | HTN, diabetes, chronic renal disease, autoimmune disorders
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| path of preeclampsia | placental ischemia due to impaired vasodilation of spiral arteries, resulting in increased vascular tone
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| hyperreflexia, blurred vision, HA, abdominal pain, edema of face and extremities, altered mentation, thrombocytopenia, hyperuricemia | preeclampsia
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| tx of preeclampsia | magnesium sulfate; diazepam
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| a/w DIC, increased risk with smoking, HTN, cocaine use, painful bleeding in 3rd trimester | abruptio placentae
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| defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach to myometrium | placenta accreta
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| causes of oligohydramnios | placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves (in males)
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| what causes Potter's syndrome | oligohydramios
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| retained placental tissue may cause? | postpartum hemorrhage
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| confirmation test for ectopic pregnancy | ultrasound, increased beta HC
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| what would endometrial biopsy show for ectopic pregnancy? | decisdualized endometrium but no chorionic villi (develop only in intrauterine pregnancy)
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| spindle shaped cells that are desmin positive; <4 years of age girls | sarcoma botyroides (rhabdomyosarcoma variant)
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| causes of pripism | alpha blockers, cocaine, antidepressants, PDE5 inhibitors, anticoagulants, sickle cell, trauma
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| SCC of penis | more common in Asia, Africa, South America; commonly associated with HPV, lack of circumcision
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| tunica vaginalis lesions | lesions in the serous covering of testis- present as testicular masses that can be transilluminated
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| androblastoma from sex cord stroma | sertoli cell testicular nongerm cell tumor
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| contains reinke crystals; androgen producing, gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys, golden brown color | leydig cell (unilateral)
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| teratoma lab values in male | increased HCG and AFP in 50% of cases
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| gynecomastia in males testicular germ cell tumor | choriocarcinoma (since hCG is an LH analog)
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| yolk sac tumor | yellow mucinous; schiller duval bodies
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| malignant; painful, worse prognosis than seminoma; glandular/papillary morphology in males | embryonal carcinoma
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| pure is rare; most commonly mixed with other tumor types; may be a/w increased HCG, and normal AFP levels when pure | embryonal carcinoma
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| seminoma | malignant; painless, homogenous testicular enlargement; most common testicular tumor; males 15-35
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