CHEM-10122-Vocab1
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| Affinity Chromatography | Separates proteins by capturing those that bind to a particular ligand
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| Aliphatic | Structure in which the carbon atoms are linked in open chains, as apposed to rings
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| Amino Acid | building blocks of proteins
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| Assay | lab test used to measure the presence of a substance in a sample
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| Chiral | A molecule that has a nonsuperimposable mirror image is:
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| Conformation | spatial arrangement of atoms in a protein
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| Denatured State | unfolded or inactive conformation; dysfunctional state
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| Enantiomer | a mirror image isomer
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| Gel Filtration Chromatography | Separates proteins on a basis of size
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| Hair, fingernails, horns | made of alpha helical conformation
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| Heteromeric | A structure composed of multiple different polypeptides is:
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| Homology Modeling | Comparative modeling of proteins, checking for similar structures in related proteins
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| Homomeric | A structure composed of multiple versions of the same polypeptide is:
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| Hydrophobic | nonpolar, does not dissolve in water
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| Ion Exchange Chromatography | Separates proteins on a basis of charge
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| Ligand | Small molecule that binds specifically to a larger one
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| Native State | folded or active conformation
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| NMR | A structure characterization method that can be used with proteins in solution and that gives information about protein dynamics
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| Oligomeric | A molecule that consists of a few subunits is:
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| Peptide | short chain of amino acids
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| Prosthetic Group | A chemical compound (such as heme) that gives a protein additional chemical reactivity and thus helps the protein do its job
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| Protease | protein cutter
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| Residue | an amino acid in a protein
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| SDS Page | A method of purifying proteins by molecular weight
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| Silk | made of beta sheets
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| Spider Silk | composed of both alpha and beta conformations
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| Supernatant | The liquid that lies above the sedimented pellet after centrifugation
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| X-ray Crystallography | Method used to determine internal structure of cell; must be crystallized
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| Allosteric Modulator | A ligand that causes a conformational change that alters binding of another ligand
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| Allosteric Protein | A protein where binding a ligand at one site causes a conformational change that alters binding of a ligand at another
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| Antibody | Protein that binds specifically to invaders outside of cells
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| Antigen | Ligand for an antibody
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| Autoimmune Disease | When the immune system begins attacking the self
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| Elementary Reaction | Reaction that occurs in one step
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| Endergonic | A reaction with a positive delta G is considered to be
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| Enzyme | A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
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| Exergonic | A reaction with a negative delta G is considered to be
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| Heterotropic Allosteric Regulation | When an allosteric modulator is the different from the other ligand
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| Homotropic Allosteric Regulation | When an allosteric modulator is the same as the other ligand
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| Immunofluoresce | Appropriate technique to localize a particular protein inside a cell
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| Kinases | Phosphorylate proteins
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| MHC Molecules | Show immune system what is inside cell; present fragments to the outside world
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| Phosphatases | Dephosphorylate proteins
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| Porphyrin | Heme is an example of a:
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| Prion | Protein with two conformational states
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| Proteolysis | The process of cutting a protein into pieces
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| Steady State | [ES] and any other intermediates build up and stay relatively constant with time
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| Substrate | A ligand that is chemically altered by an enzyme
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| Western Blot | Appropriate technique to localize where a particular protein is on an SDS gel
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| Active Transport | Using energy to pass solute across a membrane
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| Agarose Gel Electrophoresis | Type of gel matrix that separates DNA pieces on the basis of size
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| Amphipathic | hydrophobic on one end, hydrophilic on other
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| Carbohydrate | sugar polymer
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| Chromatin Remodeling | The process of altering DNA packing
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| Cloning | process of producing genetically identical pieces of DNA
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| DNA | Form of nucleic acid that stores genetic information
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| DNA Ligase | An enzyme that repairs the covalent break in the DNA produced by restriction enzymes
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| DNA Polymerase | The enzyme that replicates DNA
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| Elute | To extract something by use of a solvent
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| Exons | Sections that are connected from DNA in the process of making RNA
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| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | gel-like material in extracellular space of tissues
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| Flagella | Locomotory structures that rotate and so cause bacteria to move
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| Gene | segment of DNA that contains the information required for the synthesis of a polypeptide chain
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| Glycoprotein | A protein with sugars attached to it
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| His-tag | a sequence that can be genetically fused to a protein to allow one to purify expressed fusion protein by affinity chromatography
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| Inducer | something that turns gene expression ON
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| Introns | Sections that are removed from DNA in the process of making RNA
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| Micelle | Group of cone-shaped lipids that form a sphere
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| Nucleus | Subcellular structure containing the DNA
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| Palindrome | A sequence that reads the same backwards or forwards
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| Plasmid | a DNA molecule that can replicate independently of the chromosome
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction | Technique for amplifying DNA
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| Promoter | The DNA sequence at the beginning of the gene to which the RNA polymerase binds
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| Replication | Process of creating DNA
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| Repressor | something that turns gene expression OFF
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| Restriction Enzymes | Enzymes that bind to and cut DNA molecules at specific sequences
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| Reverse Transcriptase | enzyme that makes DNA from RNA
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| Ribosome | Molecular machine that makes protein
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| RNA | Intermediary between DNA and protein
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| Transcription | Process of creating RNA
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| Translation | Process of creating Protein from RNA
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| Transposon | A virus-like DNA segment that can move from one position in the genome to another (jumping genes)
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| Vector | an agent that carries something into an organism
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| Actin | Filaments that provide the force that propels cells moving
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| Allele | particular sequence variant of a gene that gives rise to a particular phenotype
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| Anabolism | process of making complex biomolecules from simpler substituents
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| Angiogenesis | process of growing new blood vessels
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| Apoptosis | programmed cell death
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| Autotrophs | get energy from inorganic sources
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| Axon | part of neuron that conducts information to target cells
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| cAMP | an example of a second messenger
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| Catabolism | process of extracting energy from complex biomolecules and/or breaking these molecules into simpler pieces
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| Cellular Respiration | The process of converting chemical energy into ATP that cells can use
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| Cyclins | proteins that are the master controllers of the cell cycle
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| Cytokinesis | Partitioning of the cytoplasm
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| Dendrites | projections from cell body that receive information from other neurons
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| Differentiation | specialization of cells for different structures, functions
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| Diploid | organism or cell with two copies of each chromosome
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| Electron Transport Chain | series of molecules with consecutively higher affinity for electrons, results in release of free energy
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | organelle that is responsible for synthesizing membrane lipids and membrane-bound proteins
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| Endosymbiont Hypothesis | The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from bacteria and were taken up by eukaryotes
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| Eutrophication | What happens when excess nutrients enter a body of water
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| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual
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| Haploid | organism or cell with one copy of each chromosome
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| Heterotrophs | get energy by breaking down complex organic molecules
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| Heterozygous | state where both alleles of a gene are different
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| Homeotic Genes | Transcription factors that control segment identity in development are called:
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| Homozygous | state where both alleles of a gene are the same
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| Ionophore | A lipid-soluble molecule that binds specific ions and helps them diffuse through membranes
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| Kinetochore | Structure that forms at the centromere during mitosis, binds microtubules
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| Meiosis | Process of generating 1n cells (germ cells)
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| Mesoderm | primitive tissue that gives rise to muscle
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| Metastisis | process in which a cancer colonizes new tissue
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| Microtubule | cytoskeletal filament that forms the mitotic spindle
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| Mitochondria | Organelle responsible for cellular respiration
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| Mitosis | Cell division that leads to simple replication of the parental cell
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| Morphogenesis | the shaping of the multicellular body and its organs (pattern formation)
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| Myelin | specialized plasma membrane that wraps around neurons and insulates them electrically
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| NAD/NADH | electron carrier involved in catabolic reactions
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| NADP/NADPH | electron carrier involved in anabolic reactions
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| Necrosis | when cells are damaged by poisons or are starved of essential nutrients, so therefore swell and burst
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| Phenotype | the observable properties of an individual
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| Photosynthesis | process by which energy of light is trapped and used to synthesize ATP and carbohydrates
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| Pili | Threadlike structures that help bacteria adhere to one another
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| Proto-oncogene | when mutated, increases cancer
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| Recombination | crossing-over of chromosomes
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| Second Messengers | small, diffusible molecules that convey to the cytoplasm the presence of an external stimulus
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| Tumor-supressor gene | when function is lost, increases cancer
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| Uncouplers | agents that separate electron transfer from phosphorylation
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| Earth System Science | study of flow of energy, atoms through geosystem
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| Metabolism | study of flow of energy, atoms through organism
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| Stem Cells | Primal, undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to produce many or all cells in the body
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| System | A regularly interacting or interdependent group of entities that work together to create a unified whole
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| ELISA | Test that uses primary and secondary antibodies to detect for the presence of specific antigens in a sample
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| Histone | Protein complex used in eukaryotic organisms to tightly wrap DNA into chromosomes.
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| Gastrulation | the process where the hollow sphere (blastula) of the early embryo starts to fold in to form the primitive germ layers (three layers)
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| Synport | When two molecules are transported in same direction
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| Antiport | When two molecules are transported in opposite directions
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