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CHEM-10122-Vocab1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Affinity Chromatography | Separates proteins by capturing those that bind to a particular ligand |
| Aliphatic | Structure in which the carbon atoms are linked in open chains, as apposed to rings |
| Amino Acid | building blocks of proteins |
| Assay | lab test used to measure the presence of a substance in a sample |
| Chiral | A molecule that has a nonsuperimposable mirror image is: |
| Conformation | spatial arrangement of atoms in a protein |
| Denatured State | unfolded or inactive conformation; dysfunctional state |
| Enantiomer | a mirror image isomer |
| Gel Filtration Chromatography | Separates proteins on a basis of size |
| Hair, fingernails, horns | made of alpha helical conformation |
| Heteromeric | A structure composed of multiple different polypeptides is: |
| Homology Modeling | Comparative modeling of proteins, checking for similar structures in related proteins |
| Homomeric | A structure composed of multiple versions of the same polypeptide is: |
| Hydrophobic | nonpolar, does not dissolve in water |
| Ion Exchange Chromatography | Separates proteins on a basis of charge |
| Ligand | Small molecule that binds specifically to a larger one |
| Native State | folded or active conformation |
| NMR | A structure characterization method that can be used with proteins in solution and that gives information about protein dynamics |
| Oligomeric | A molecule that consists of a few subunits is: |
| Peptide | short chain of amino acids |
| Prosthetic Group | A chemical compound (such as heme) that gives a protein additional chemical reactivity and thus helps the protein do its job |
| Protease | protein cutter |
| Residue | an amino acid in a protein |
| SDS Page | A method of purifying proteins by molecular weight |
| Silk | made of beta sheets |
| Spider Silk | composed of both alpha and beta conformations |
| Supernatant | The liquid that lies above the sedimented pellet after centrifugation |
| X-ray Crystallography | Method used to determine internal structure of cell; must be crystallized |
| Allosteric Modulator | A ligand that causes a conformational change that alters binding of another ligand |
| Allosteric Protein | A protein where binding a ligand at one site causes a conformational change that alters binding of a ligand at another |
| Antibody | Protein that binds specifically to invaders outside of cells |
| Antigen | Ligand for an antibody |
| Autoimmune Disease | When the immune system begins attacking the self |
| Elementary Reaction | Reaction that occurs in one step |
| Endergonic | A reaction with a positive delta G is considered to be |
| Enzyme | A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| Exergonic | A reaction with a negative delta G is considered to be |
| Heterotropic Allosteric Regulation | When an allosteric modulator is the different from the other ligand |
| Homotropic Allosteric Regulation | When an allosteric modulator is the same as the other ligand |
| Immunofluoresce | Appropriate technique to localize a particular protein inside a cell |
| Kinases | Phosphorylate proteins |
| MHC Molecules | Show immune system what is inside cell; present fragments to the outside world |
| Phosphatases | Dephosphorylate proteins |
| Porphyrin | Heme is an example of a: |
| Prion | Protein with two conformational states |
| Proteolysis | The process of cutting a protein into pieces |
| Steady State | [ES] and any other intermediates build up and stay relatively constant with time |
| Substrate | A ligand that is chemically altered by an enzyme |
| Western Blot | Appropriate technique to localize where a particular protein is on an SDS gel |
| Active Transport | Using energy to pass solute across a membrane |
| Agarose Gel Electrophoresis | Type of gel matrix that separates DNA pieces on the basis of size |
| Amphipathic | hydrophobic on one end, hydrophilic on other |
| Carbohydrate | sugar polymer |
| Chromatin Remodeling | The process of altering DNA packing |
| Cloning | process of producing genetically identical pieces of DNA |
| DNA | Form of nucleic acid that stores genetic information |
| DNA Ligase | An enzyme that repairs the covalent break in the DNA produced by restriction enzymes |
| DNA Polymerase | The enzyme that replicates DNA |
| Elute | To extract something by use of a solvent |
| Exons | Sections that are connected from DNA in the process of making RNA |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | gel-like material in extracellular space of tissues |
| Flagella | Locomotory structures that rotate and so cause bacteria to move |
| Gene | segment of DNA that contains the information required for the synthesis of a polypeptide chain |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with sugars attached to it |
| His-tag | a sequence that can be genetically fused to a protein to allow one to purify expressed fusion protein by affinity chromatography |
| Inducer | something that turns gene expression ON |
| Introns | Sections that are removed from DNA in the process of making RNA |
| Micelle | Group of cone-shaped lipids that form a sphere |
| Nucleus | Subcellular structure containing the DNA |
| Palindrome | A sequence that reads the same backwards or forwards |
| Plasmid | a DNA molecule that can replicate independently of the chromosome |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | Technique for amplifying DNA |
| Promoter | The DNA sequence at the beginning of the gene to which the RNA polymerase binds |
| Replication | Process of creating DNA |
| Repressor | something that turns gene expression OFF |
| Restriction Enzymes | Enzymes that bind to and cut DNA molecules at specific sequences |
| Reverse Transcriptase | enzyme that makes DNA from RNA |
| Ribosome | Molecular machine that makes protein |
| RNA | Intermediary between DNA and protein |
| Transcription | Process of creating RNA |
| Translation | Process of creating Protein from RNA |
| Transposon | A virus-like DNA segment that can move from one position in the genome to another (jumping genes) |
| Vector | an agent that carries something into an organism |
| Actin | Filaments that provide the force that propels cells moving |
| Allele | particular sequence variant of a gene that gives rise to a particular phenotype |
| Anabolism | process of making complex biomolecules from simpler substituents |
| Angiogenesis | process of growing new blood vessels |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Autotrophs | get energy from inorganic sources |
| Axon | part of neuron that conducts information to target cells |
| cAMP | an example of a second messenger |
| Catabolism | process of extracting energy from complex biomolecules and/or breaking these molecules into simpler pieces |
| Cellular Respiration | The process of converting chemical energy into ATP that cells can use |
| Cyclins | proteins that are the master controllers of the cell cycle |
| Cytokinesis | Partitioning of the cytoplasm |
| Dendrites | projections from cell body that receive information from other neurons |
| Differentiation | specialization of cells for different structures, functions |
| Diploid | organism or cell with two copies of each chromosome |
| Electron Transport Chain | series of molecules with consecutively higher affinity for electrons, results in release of free energy |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | organelle that is responsible for synthesizing membrane lipids and membrane-bound proteins |
| Endosymbiont Hypothesis | The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from bacteria and were taken up by eukaryotes |
| Eutrophication | What happens when excess nutrients enter a body of water |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual |
| Haploid | organism or cell with one copy of each chromosome |
| Heterotrophs | get energy by breaking down complex organic molecules |
| Heterozygous | state where both alleles of a gene are different |
| Homeotic Genes | Transcription factors that control segment identity in development are called: |
| Homozygous | state where both alleles of a gene are the same |
| Ionophore | A lipid-soluble molecule that binds specific ions and helps them diffuse through membranes |
| Kinetochore | Structure that forms at the centromere during mitosis, binds microtubules |
| Meiosis | Process of generating 1n cells (germ cells) |
| Mesoderm | primitive tissue that gives rise to muscle |
| Metastisis | process in which a cancer colonizes new tissue |
| Microtubule | cytoskeletal filament that forms the mitotic spindle |
| Mitochondria | Organelle responsible for cellular respiration |
| Mitosis | Cell division that leads to simple replication of the parental cell |
| Morphogenesis | the shaping of the multicellular body and its organs (pattern formation) |
| Myelin | specialized plasma membrane that wraps around neurons and insulates them electrically |
| NAD/NADH | electron carrier involved in catabolic reactions |
| NADP/NADPH | electron carrier involved in anabolic reactions |
| Necrosis | when cells are damaged by poisons or are starved of essential nutrients, so therefore swell and burst |
| Phenotype | the observable properties of an individual |
| Photosynthesis | process by which energy of light is trapped and used to synthesize ATP and carbohydrates |
| Pili | Threadlike structures that help bacteria adhere to one another |
| Proto-oncogene | when mutated, increases cancer |
| Recombination | crossing-over of chromosomes |
| Second Messengers | small, diffusible molecules that convey to the cytoplasm the presence of an external stimulus |
| Tumor-supressor gene | when function is lost, increases cancer |
| Uncouplers | agents that separate electron transfer from phosphorylation |
| Earth System Science | study of flow of energy, atoms through geosystem |
| Metabolism | study of flow of energy, atoms through organism |
| Stem Cells | Primal, undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to produce many or all cells in the body |
| System | A regularly interacting or interdependent group of entities that work together to create a unified whole |
| ELISA | Test that uses primary and secondary antibodies to detect for the presence of specific antigens in a sample |
| Histone | Protein complex used in eukaryotic organisms to tightly wrap DNA into chromosomes. |
| Gastrulation | the process where the hollow sphere (blastula) of the early embryo starts to fold in to form the primitive germ layers (three layers) |
| Synport | When two molecules are transported in same direction |
| Antiport | When two molecules are transported in opposite directions |
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