LawFinal
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| T/F There is a universally recognized ethical theory or ethical system | False- There is NO universal system
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| What are the 3 major theories/theoretical concepts in ethics? | 1. Dentological
2. Consequentalist
3. Virtue Ethics
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| ________ is "The Rights Approached" and also known as the duty based theory | Deontological ethics
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| Deontological ethics focuses on ___, or what is ____ instead of the outcome. | what is right; right
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| Ethical action is the one that best ____ and ___ the moral rights of those affected. | protects and respects
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| All human beings have intrinsic value (not monetary) possessing certain inherent characteristics that distinguishes humans from other living beings | Dignity
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| Being ____ or ____ compromised, being infant or senile or deceased does not curtail the intrinsic dignity or value | mentally or physically
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| The rights approach is based on the belief that humans have ___ based on their human nature or on their ability to make free choices about what they want to do in their lives | dignity; humans have right not to be abused or treated less than human
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| Rights imply ___ | duties, the duty to respect other people's rights
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| Independent dignity comes partly from possessing personal autonomy which entails: | capacity for judgement, ability to decide and follow actions that are truly of one's choice
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| Diminished or absent autonomy (mental, physical compromise or infants) does not ____ intrinsic dignity or respect | invalidate
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| According to the_____ killing innocent human beings (eg. abortion even when mothers life is compromised is morally unacceptable) | "The rights approach" or duty based ethics
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| This concept emphasizes that the nature of the action is not important but the outcome of that action is... | Consequentalist Ethics (consequence-action that will achieve best possible results)
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| From the health care perspective the desirable consequence (outcome) for human beings is: | happiness, pleasure, absence of pain, well being and flourishing
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| The ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm, OR produces the greatest balance of good over harm | Utilitarian ethics
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| In utilitarian ethics, the life of an individual might be considered ___ valuable if the consequence is that ___ lives could be saved | less valuable if more lives could be saved
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| Ethical actions should be consistent w/ certain ideal virtues that contribute to the full development of our humanity. | Virtue Ethics
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| These virtues are dispositions and habits that allow us to act according to the highest potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and beauty | Virtue ethics
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| Examples of virtues | Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance, love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control and prudence
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| Asks "What kind of person will I become if i do this?" or "Is this action consistent with my acting at my best?" | Virtue ethics
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| What is the main focus in virtue ethics? | On the goodness of the individual (their character)
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| What virtues deal with the goodness of the individual? | trustworthy, loyal, generous or helpful
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| Members of pharmacist profession are expected to conduct their _____ ____ in a proper manner but also to behave in their professional lives in a way that doesn't bring discredit to the profession | professional practice
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| Virtuous behavior means that we ___ __ base our actions because we will gain something or bc of fear from punishment | DO NOT
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| Profess a competence to practice | Professionals
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| The active demonstration of the traits of a professional | Professionalism
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| What are some traits of professional? | Knowledge of skills/profession, service orientation, leadership conscience and trustworthy, creativity and innovation, pride in profession, relationship w/ client, accountability, ethical
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| 1. Duty Based concepts of what should be the right motivation behind our actions 2. Consequential considerations of maximizing happiness for greatest # of individuals 3. Possessing the qualities of those regarded as virtuous and morally praisworthy | Ethical basis for professionalism
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| The pharmacist owes the patient a "duty of care" usually expressed as the duty to act in the patient's best interest | Duty-based morality
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| Moral basis for ___ ___ ___ in distrinbution of power-professionals are trusted that they would not use (exploit) the imbalance of power w/ their patients | duty of care
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| Duty based morality can be recognized as a reflection of human rights (patients who consult pharmacist or use service their service do that w/ expectation of right to | good quality, current information and safe information
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| Utilitarian argument for professionalism in pharmacy practice will be the optimal use of medicine to manage disease and suffering | Goal-based morality
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| Joining a profession means commitment to the following values: honor, integrity, humanity, confidentiality, compassion, empathy, trust, to use good judgement and exhibit good behavior | virtue based morality
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| Your job is to do a specific task but not necessarily more | Responsibility
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| Your job is to achieve a specific outcome, ensure others do their specific tasks and can be called to account for failure | Accountability
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| Can be called to account on law and possibly pay if failure leads to harm | Liability
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| Our conscience or duty to ourselves (for quality of service we provide) | Personal accountability
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| The capacity for judgement or an ability to decide and follow actions that are truly of one's choice | Personal autonomy
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| The respect for capacity of people to make responsible decisions about health and life | Autonomy
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| The patient's right to ___ ___(eg freedom of choice w/ regard to care) | Autonomy in health care
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| Traditionally, patients who were denied their right to self determination were done so based on value that "physician knows best" | Medical paternalism (act in "parent-like" way)
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| Paternalism can be viewed as ___ autonomy | OPPOSITE
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| What are the two types of paternalism? | Weak and Strong
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| Intervening in a patient's autonomy bc they are unable to make an autonomous decision due to medical condition (eg. coma, alzheimers, mental illness) | Weak paternalism
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| Weak paternalism is ethically ____ while strong paternalism is ethically ____ | justifiable; unjustafiable
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| Overriding a patient's autonomy bc you believe they are making the wrong decision or one that will cause themselves harm (w/draw tx, assisted suicide) | Strong paternalism
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| Managed care limits freedom of choice therefore limiting ____ | autonomy
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| Initially linked w/ those who morally opposed war and claimed right to refuse service | Conscientious objection
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| Some pharmacists with this belief argue that dispensing plan B would violate their autonomy | Conscientious objection
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| T/F Some states allow pharmacists to refuse based on conscientious objection, while some say pharms cannot refuse based on moral/ethical grounds | TRUE
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| Acting in a manner that benefits a patient or doing good for a patient's benefit | Beneficence
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| Conscious effort by health care provider to not hurt or adversely affect the patient or avoiding harming a patient ("do no harm") | Non-maleficence
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| Non-maleficence is act of ___ harm | avoiding
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| When doctor harms patient=____; but their intention was not to harm being ____ and ____ | Maleficent; beneficent and non-maleficent
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| When making ethical decision the pharmacist is in the position to choose b/t doing what he/she thinks is best and respect their autonomy | Beneficence vs. autonomy
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| Our professional integrity is strongly based on the trust of our patients-what we say and do is corrent | Veracity (truth)
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| Pharmacists are expected to be honest and truthful but also ___ about possible threats to truth such as fraud and abuse | Proactive
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| A pharmacist has the __ to tell the truth and act w/ conviction of conscience |
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| Acceptability of a lie based on total consequence | Utiliarian ethics
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| Looks only at consequences for the patient | traditional health professional ethics
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| Loyalty or promise-keeping | Fidelity
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| The pharmacist patient relationship has what obligations? | legal contract, ethical contract (covenant-commitment)
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| T/F Either party can break the patient-provider relationship under following conditions: adequate notice, justifiable reason | TRUE
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| Justice is concerned with how ___ and ___ are distributed | goods and harms
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| How is professional decision making different from any other decision making process? | Stakes are higher, consequences from decision can affect care of someone else, sometimes can only solve segment of problem
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| What is the significance of the decision making process? | Practice dealing w/ problem before happens, improves ability to respond rationally, identify values, identify uncertainty and certainty, risk managment, defense retrospect
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| Decision making is a technigue that allows inclusion of all aspects of a problem including: | clinical, legal and ethical
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| __ is used when making difficult decisions, an experienced pharmacist is not aware decision is made based on previous experience, use of precedent, judgment or common sense | systematic structure
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| What are 3 questions of systematic structure: | what is the issue? how do we deal w/ uncertainties? what influences our decision?
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| Systematic structure is providing an opportunity for reflection as well as... | anticipate the problem
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| To be able to reflect upon reasons behind the decision we take | rational reasoning
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| Decision based on evidence: can we suppress emotional response, consider evidence along w/ values of patient | Value-based reasoning
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| Types of information in pharmacy practice | clinical,legal,ethical
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| A __ stage approach provide structure to decision making process | 5 stage
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| What are 5 stages in 5 stage approach | respond to sense or feeling something is wrong, gather info/make assessment, identify ethical problem, seek a resolution (options), determine course of action (choose option)
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| Heightened emotional sensitivity along with stress and tension or ineffective communication can be a warning sign that one is involved in an ____ ____ | ethical problem
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| Good ethics begin with ___ ___ (classify into clinical and situational) | good facts
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| Medical status, medical hx, diagnosis, prognosis, drugs involved, side effects, life expectancy | clinical information
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| Data regarding values and their perspectives of principles involved; their authority, verbal/nonverbal communication, language, cultural/religious, relationship of people involved | Situational information
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| Indentification and understanding of the value judgments is ___ ___ from situational data | MOST IMPORTANT
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| When is randomization between 2 or more therapies? | When we don't know which is better
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| Benefits the patient but most importantly, produces benefits and welfare for the society (knowledge) | RCT (randomized controlled trials)
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| T/F Hippocratic oath states commitment to welfare of the individual | TRUe
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| The medical community could return to ____ ___ that every intervention had to be for benefit of patient or modify hippocratic tradition and provide exception in case of medical research | Hippocratic notion
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| In medical research: development of ethics that permits the use of human beings... | under certain conditions
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| Who runs ethical codes and standards? | Hippocratic oath, APhA code of ethics, Nuremberg code, WMO declaration of helsinki, belmont report, DHHS and FDA regulations
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| What are the 3 major issues in bioethics of research involving human subjects: | informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, equity in research
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| T/F voluntary consent is NOT "absolutely essential" | FALSE -"Absolutely essential
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| WMA developed ___ ___ in 1964, different from nuremberg code which recognizes that in some cases it is necessary to do research on infants, children, critically ill | Helsinki Declaration (surrogate or guardian consent)
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| Drug testing in children factors: | ability of children to consent, role of parents and guardian, needs
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| Children are NOT... | little adults
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| Pediatric studies should be conducted in subjects.. | who may benefit from participation in the trial
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| T/F children who can give assent should be enrolled in a study before those who cannot | TRUE
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| ____ studies may be acceptable if there are no approved or adequately studied therapies for children w/ condition under study | Placebo controlled studies
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| The requirement that medical professionals maintain confidentiality | Principle of fidelity or promise-keeping
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| Breaking confidence when the physician believes that the patient will benefit | Hippocratic ethics
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| Breaking confidence when there... | is a serious threat or bodily harm to others (AMA no APhA code)
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| What are the critical issues in research involving human subjects | medical info from patient chart could useful, researcher share w/ another researcher, patient not identifiable, nonetheless, his/her personal info published
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| What are the 2 major areas in which the question of justice can arise in research involving human subjects | subject selection, design and conduct of research
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| Resolving conflict b/t our research goal and loyalty to our patients (Providing incentive) | conflicts of interest
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| Woman's cancer cells taken while she was under in surgery, she never gave consent, continually used today | HeLa cells (henrietta)
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| The principle of justice was first mentioned | Belmont report
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