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LawFinal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F There is a universally recognized ethical theory or ethical system | False- There is NO universal system |
| What are the 3 major theories/theoretical concepts in ethics? | 1. Dentological 2. Consequentalist 3. Virtue Ethics |
| ________ is "The Rights Approached" and also known as the duty based theory | Deontological ethics |
| Deontological ethics focuses on ___, or what is ____ instead of the outcome. | what is right; right |
| Ethical action is the one that best ____ and ___ the moral rights of those affected. | protects and respects |
| All human beings have intrinsic value (not monetary) possessing certain inherent characteristics that distinguishes humans from other living beings | Dignity |
| Being ____ or ____ compromised, being infant or senile or deceased does not curtail the intrinsic dignity or value | mentally or physically |
| The rights approach is based on the belief that humans have ___ based on their human nature or on their ability to make free choices about what they want to do in their lives | dignity; humans have right not to be abused or treated less than human |
| Rights imply ___ | duties, the duty to respect other people's rights |
| Independent dignity comes partly from possessing personal autonomy which entails: | capacity for judgement, ability to decide and follow actions that are truly of one's choice |
| Diminished or absent autonomy (mental, physical compromise or infants) does not ____ intrinsic dignity or respect | invalidate |
| According to the_____ killing innocent human beings (eg. abortion even when mothers life is compromised is morally unacceptable) | "The rights approach" or duty based ethics |
| This concept emphasizes that the nature of the action is not important but the outcome of that action is... | Consequentalist Ethics (consequence-action that will achieve best possible results) |
| From the health care perspective the desirable consequence (outcome) for human beings is: | happiness, pleasure, absence of pain, well being and flourishing |
| The ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm, OR produces the greatest balance of good over harm | Utilitarian ethics |
| In utilitarian ethics, the life of an individual might be considered ___ valuable if the consequence is that ___ lives could be saved | less valuable if more lives could be saved |
| Ethical actions should be consistent w/ certain ideal virtues that contribute to the full development of our humanity. | Virtue Ethics |
| These virtues are dispositions and habits that allow us to act according to the highest potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and beauty | Virtue ethics |
| Examples of virtues | Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance, love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control and prudence |
| Asks "What kind of person will I become if i do this?" or "Is this action consistent with my acting at my best?" | Virtue ethics |
| What is the main focus in virtue ethics? | On the goodness of the individual (their character) |
| What virtues deal with the goodness of the individual? | trustworthy, loyal, generous or helpful |
| Members of pharmacist profession are expected to conduct their _____ ____ in a proper manner but also to behave in their professional lives in a way that doesn't bring discredit to the profession | professional practice |
| Virtuous behavior means that we ___ __ base our actions because we will gain something or bc of fear from punishment | DO NOT |
| Profess a competence to practice | Professionals |
| The active demonstration of the traits of a professional | Professionalism |
| What are some traits of professional? | Knowledge of skills/profession, service orientation, leadership conscience and trustworthy, creativity and innovation, pride in profession, relationship w/ client, accountability, ethical |
| 1. Duty Based concepts of what should be the right motivation behind our actions 2. Consequential considerations of maximizing happiness for greatest # of individuals 3. Possessing the qualities of those regarded as virtuous and morally praisworthy | Ethical basis for professionalism |
| The pharmacist owes the patient a "duty of care" usually expressed as the duty to act in the patient's best interest | Duty-based morality |
| Moral basis for ___ ___ ___ in distrinbution of power-professionals are trusted that they would not use (exploit) the imbalance of power w/ their patients | duty of care |
| Duty based morality can be recognized as a reflection of human rights (patients who consult pharmacist or use service their service do that w/ expectation of right to | good quality, current information and safe information |
| Utilitarian argument for professionalism in pharmacy practice will be the optimal use of medicine to manage disease and suffering | Goal-based morality |
| Joining a profession means commitment to the following values: honor, integrity, humanity, confidentiality, compassion, empathy, trust, to use good judgement and exhibit good behavior | virtue based morality |
| Your job is to do a specific task but not necessarily more | Responsibility |
| Your job is to achieve a specific outcome, ensure others do their specific tasks and can be called to account for failure | Accountability |
| Can be called to account on law and possibly pay if failure leads to harm | Liability |
| Our conscience or duty to ourselves (for quality of service we provide) | Personal accountability |
| The capacity for judgement or an ability to decide and follow actions that are truly of one's choice | Personal autonomy |
| The respect for capacity of people to make responsible decisions about health and life | Autonomy |
| The patient's right to ___ ___(eg freedom of choice w/ regard to care) | Autonomy in health care |
| Traditionally, patients who were denied their right to self determination were done so based on value that "physician knows best" | Medical paternalism (act in "parent-like" way) |
| Paternalism can be viewed as ___ autonomy | OPPOSITE |
| What are the two types of paternalism? | Weak and Strong |
| Intervening in a patient's autonomy bc they are unable to make an autonomous decision due to medical condition (eg. coma, alzheimers, mental illness) | Weak paternalism |
| Weak paternalism is ethically ____ while strong paternalism is ethically ____ | justifiable; unjustafiable |
| Overriding a patient's autonomy bc you believe they are making the wrong decision or one that will cause themselves harm (w/draw tx, assisted suicide) | Strong paternalism |
| Managed care limits freedom of choice therefore limiting ____ | autonomy |
| Initially linked w/ those who morally opposed war and claimed right to refuse service | Conscientious objection |
| Some pharmacists with this belief argue that dispensing plan B would violate their autonomy | Conscientious objection |
| T/F Some states allow pharmacists to refuse based on conscientious objection, while some say pharms cannot refuse based on moral/ethical grounds | TRUE |
| Acting in a manner that benefits a patient or doing good for a patient's benefit | Beneficence |
| Conscious effort by health care provider to not hurt or adversely affect the patient or avoiding harming a patient ("do no harm") | Non-maleficence |
| Non-maleficence is act of ___ harm | avoiding |
| When doctor harms patient=____; but their intention was not to harm being ____ and ____ | Maleficent; beneficent and non-maleficent |
| When making ethical decision the pharmacist is in the position to choose b/t doing what he/she thinks is best and respect their autonomy | Beneficence vs. autonomy |
| Our professional integrity is strongly based on the trust of our patients-what we say and do is corrent | Veracity (truth) |
| Pharmacists are expected to be honest and truthful but also ___ about possible threats to truth such as fraud and abuse | Proactive |
| A pharmacist has the __ to tell the truth and act w/ conviction of conscience | |
| Acceptability of a lie based on total consequence | Utiliarian ethics |
| Looks only at consequences for the patient | traditional health professional ethics |
| Loyalty or promise-keeping | Fidelity |
| The pharmacist patient relationship has what obligations? | legal contract, ethical contract (covenant-commitment) |
| T/F Either party can break the patient-provider relationship under following conditions: adequate notice, justifiable reason | TRUE |
| Justice is concerned with how ___ and ___ are distributed | goods and harms |
| How is professional decision making different from any other decision making process? | Stakes are higher, consequences from decision can affect care of someone else, sometimes can only solve segment of problem |
| What is the significance of the decision making process? | Practice dealing w/ problem before happens, improves ability to respond rationally, identify values, identify uncertainty and certainty, risk managment, defense retrospect |
| Decision making is a technigue that allows inclusion of all aspects of a problem including: | clinical, legal and ethical |
| __ is used when making difficult decisions, an experienced pharmacist is not aware decision is made based on previous experience, use of precedent, judgment or common sense | systematic structure |
| What are 3 questions of systematic structure: | what is the issue? how do we deal w/ uncertainties? what influences our decision? |
| Systematic structure is providing an opportunity for reflection as well as... | anticipate the problem |
| To be able to reflect upon reasons behind the decision we take | rational reasoning |
| Decision based on evidence: can we suppress emotional response, consider evidence along w/ values of patient | Value-based reasoning |
| Types of information in pharmacy practice | clinical,legal,ethical |
| A __ stage approach provide structure to decision making process | 5 stage |
| What are 5 stages in 5 stage approach | respond to sense or feeling something is wrong, gather info/make assessment, identify ethical problem, seek a resolution (options), determine course of action (choose option) |
| Heightened emotional sensitivity along with stress and tension or ineffective communication can be a warning sign that one is involved in an ____ ____ | ethical problem |
| Good ethics begin with ___ ___ (classify into clinical and situational) | good facts |
| Medical status, medical hx, diagnosis, prognosis, drugs involved, side effects, life expectancy | clinical information |
| Data regarding values and their perspectives of principles involved; their authority, verbal/nonverbal communication, language, cultural/religious, relationship of people involved | Situational information |
| Indentification and understanding of the value judgments is ___ ___ from situational data | MOST IMPORTANT |
| When is randomization between 2 or more therapies? | When we don't know which is better |
| Benefits the patient but most importantly, produces benefits and welfare for the society (knowledge) | RCT (randomized controlled trials) |
| T/F Hippocratic oath states commitment to welfare of the individual | TRUe |
| The medical community could return to ____ ___ that every intervention had to be for benefit of patient or modify hippocratic tradition and provide exception in case of medical research | Hippocratic notion |
| In medical research: development of ethics that permits the use of human beings... | under certain conditions |
| Who runs ethical codes and standards? | Hippocratic oath, APhA code of ethics, Nuremberg code, WMO declaration of helsinki, belmont report, DHHS and FDA regulations |
| What are the 3 major issues in bioethics of research involving human subjects: | informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, equity in research |
| T/F voluntary consent is NOT "absolutely essential" | FALSE -"Absolutely essential |
| WMA developed ___ ___ in 1964, different from nuremberg code which recognizes that in some cases it is necessary to do research on infants, children, critically ill | Helsinki Declaration (surrogate or guardian consent) |
| Drug testing in children factors: | ability of children to consent, role of parents and guardian, needs |
| Children are NOT... | little adults |
| Pediatric studies should be conducted in subjects.. | who may benefit from participation in the trial |
| T/F children who can give assent should be enrolled in a study before those who cannot | TRUE |
| ____ studies may be acceptable if there are no approved or adequately studied therapies for children w/ condition under study | Placebo controlled studies |
| The requirement that medical professionals maintain confidentiality | Principle of fidelity or promise-keeping |
| Breaking confidence when the physician believes that the patient will benefit | Hippocratic ethics |
| Breaking confidence when there... | is a serious threat or bodily harm to others (AMA no APhA code) |
| What are the critical issues in research involving human subjects | medical info from patient chart could useful, researcher share w/ another researcher, patient not identifiable, nonetheless, his/her personal info published |
| What are the 2 major areas in which the question of justice can arise in research involving human subjects | subject selection, design and conduct of research |
| Resolving conflict b/t our research goal and loyalty to our patients (Providing incentive) | conflicts of interest |
| Woman's cancer cells taken while she was under in surgery, she never gave consent, continually used today | HeLa cells (henrietta) |
| The principle of justice was first mentioned | Belmont report |
Created by:
csucop2014
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