gillambiology ch 10-17,28 review randomized list
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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EXOSKELETON | Arthropods have an -?- made of chitin.
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OXYGEN | There was no -?- in the early Earth's atmosphere.
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CHROMOSOMES | Humans have 46 -?-
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OPEN | Arthropods have an -?- circulatory system.
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RADIATION | Chemicals, viruses, and -?- can all cause mutation.
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BOOK LUNGS | Scorpions use -?- for respiration.
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GENERATIONS | It takes many -?- for evolution to occur.
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EMBRYOS | The similarities in -?- of different species can be explained by the theory of evolution.
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TRAITS | Many of your -?- caused by your genes can not bee seen.
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SEGMENTED | Arthropods have a -?- body.
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HEREDITY | Genetic scientists study -?-, and try to understand how traits get passed on to offspring.
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LIVE | A person can -?- without a Y chromosome, but not without an X chromosome.
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INSERTIONS | Substitutions, deletions, and -?- are all examples of point mutations.
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STOP | Natural selection will -?- evolution when the species is perfect.
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THEORY | It is a -?- that evolution has created all the different species that exist on Earth today.
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JOINTED | All arthropods have -?- appendages.
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PAIRS | Humans have 23 -?- of chromosomes in each cell.
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SEGREGATION | During -?- a "coin" is flipped to see which allele a person is carrying will be give to the gamete they are producing.
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MENDEL | Who was the "father" of genetics?
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CELLS | According to figure 10-1 all snails have the same size -?-
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INTERPHASE | According to figure 10-4 the cell cycle can be divided up into two main segments: cell division and -?-
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HIMALAYAN | According to figure 11-12, what color coat is recessive to all other colors accept albino?
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POLYPEPTIDE | According to figure 12-18 , what is another name for a protein, or chain of amino acids.
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BEAGLE | Darwin took a 3-year voyage on a ship named -?-.
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PHENOTYPE | The colors in a pedigree chart represent the -?- of the individuals.
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SEXUAL | Most variation in a population is the result of -?- reproduction.
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ABSOLUTE | Carbon-14 dating is a method of finding the -?- age of fossils less than 60,000 years old.
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GRADUALISM | Darwin believed in a slow and steady evolution know today as -?-
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BLUEPRINT | RNA is like a -?- of the parts of the master plan.
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SCORPION | A -?- is a carnivorous arachnid with pincers and a poison barb at the end of its abdomen.
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BOOK LUNG | Spiders use a -?- for respiration.
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FRAME | A deletion of a base in DNA results in a -?- shift mutation that will affect many amino acids.
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FALSE | In Griffith's experiments a mixture of nice and killer bacteria would probably not harm the mice. truth or false
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VIRUS | A bacteriophage is a -?-
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CHROMOSOME | A -?- is a highly coiled DNA molecule visible only during cell division.
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BARR BODY | Cells in a girl often have a -?- because the cell deactivates one of the X chromosomes and pushes it to the side.
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CHROMATID | Each half of a chromosome is called a -?-
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POLYPLOIDY | A condition where a plant has an entire extra set of chromosomes.
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CENTIPEDE | A -?- is a carnivorous arthropod with 2 legs per segment.
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POPULATION | A -?- is a group of the same species that interbreed.
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CORE | The -?- of a virus is made of DNA
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CEPHALOTHORAX | What part of a crayfish is covered by the carapace.
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MILLIPEDE | A -?- is a detritivore, with 4 legs per segment.
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RESTRICTION | -?- enzymes are able to cut DNA at specific base sequences.
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MALARIA | The good thing about having half your blood cells sickle shaped is that you are less likely to get -?-
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SPECIATION | -?- occurs during adaptive radiation.
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POINT | A mutation that affects just one base is called a -?- mutation.
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RECOMBINATION | Crossing over is also know as -?-, the frequency of which can be measured as an indication of how close genes are on a chromosome.
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SPIRACLES | The air exits an insect's tracheal tubes through holes called -?-.
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THORAX | The legs of an insect are attached to the -?-
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LARGE INTESTINE | If we ANALYZE DATA we find that the cells of the -?- take about 6 days to complete a life cycle.
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SPECIALIZATION | It is -?- and division of labor that allows insect societies to do so much.
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FOSSILS | Darwin collected -?- and samples of the living species during his voyage.
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ZERO | Spiders have -?- antenna.
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CODOMINANT | Since people who are heterozygous for the sickle cell anemia gene have both round and crescent shaped cells, the normal and the sickle cell gene must be -?-
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RECESSIVE | Lethal genetic disorders are usually -?-, otherwise they would never get passed on to the next generation.
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ADENINE | Guanine and -?- are both purines.
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WALLACE | It was an article by -?- which contained many ideas identical to Darwin's, that finally forced Darwin to publish "On the Origin of Species".
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PROTEINS | Bad DNA creates bad -?- that create bad traits.
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TICK | A -?- is basically a parasitic arachnid.
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NATURAL | -?- selection can be stabilizing, disruptive, or directional.
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CUAAUGU | What would GATTACA be transcribed into?
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ARTIFICIAL SELECTION | Humans have been able to mold species to our liking through hundred of years of -?-
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CENOZOIC | The -?- era began about 65 million years ago.
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RELATED | DNA is now being used to prove that species are -?-
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DNA | One reason really big cells cannot exist is that the -?- can only control so much.
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SURFACE | One reason really big cells cannot exist is that as the cell gets the bigger the -?- to volume ratio goes down.
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EIGHT | How many different blood types are there?
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THREE | Insects have -?- body segments.
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TWO | Spiders have -?- body sections.
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TODAY | Lyell wrote a book about geology where he suggested that the past must be explained by what we see happening -?-
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THOUSAND | Prior to the books by Lyell and Hutton, everyone assumed the Earth was just a few -?- years old.
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CLONE | An identical twin born to a different mother at a different time would be a -?-
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VENTRAL | Bugs have a brain connected to a -?- nerve cord.
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ILLEGAL | It is possible but -?- to clone humans today.
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POLYGENIC | I.Q. is determined by the interaction of many genes working together, in other words I.Q. is a -?- trait.
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POLYGENIC | -?- traits cannot by crossed using a Punnett square.
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INTRONS | What do we call the parts of the DNA that don't say anything?
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EXONS | What do we call the parts of the DNA that actually code for proteins?
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MUTATION | What do we call a change in the base sequence in the DNA?
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GENE | What do we call a section of DNA that codes for a protein?
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DIRECTIONAL | -?- selection will cause the average of a polygenic trait to shift either higher or lower.
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DISASTERS | Natural -?- can cause evolution, even in the absence of natural selection.
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INBREEDING | Although -?- can cause problem, it does maintain the desired characteristics in the offspring.
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GENETICDRIFT | -?- is evolution caused by accident rather than natural selection.
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IDENTICAL | Mitosis produces new cells that are genetically -?- to each other and the cell they came from.
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DIFFERENTIATION | The specialization of cells into different tissues is know as -?-
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DIFFERENT | Meiosis produces new cells that are genetically -?- from each other and the cell they came from.
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ADAPTED | Darwin said species changed as they -?- to their environments.
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SPINY | The echinoderms are characterized by their -?- skin.
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SQUARE | In a pedigree chart a male is represented by a -?-
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PAIRS | Humans have 23 chromosome -?-
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LETHAL | Having an extra chromosome is usually a -?- condition.
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TRANSGENIC | Most of the cloned organism have been rare -?- organism made with recombinant DNA technology.
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MATES | Most non-social insects communicate in order to find -?-
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CYTOSINE | What is the complimentary base that goes with guanine in a DNA molecule?
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POOL | The gene -?- consists of all the alleles in a population.
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ENVIRONMENTS | Species on different continents look similar because they have been evolving in similar -?-.
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NERVES | Knowing how to control the cell cycle could lead to a cure to cancer and treatments to repair damaged -?-
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CHROMOSOME | DNA that is copied and bundled is called a -?-
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PLATE | In plants cells cytokinesis is performed by the construction of a cell -?- across the middle of the cell.
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OVER PRODUCTION | Malthus helped Darwin realize that all species have the capacity for -?-.
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EVOLUTION | Today -?- is defined as a change in the frequency of the alleles in a population.
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PALEOZOIC | The -?- era did not follow a mass extinction.
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EMBRYO | The only real difference between a clone and any other individual is the way the -?- was made.
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HOMOLOGOUS | -?- structures look different but evolved from the same organs.
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FERTILIZATION | During -?- the DNA of two cells is joined into one.
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GEOGRAPHICAL | If one species does not mate with another species because a river separates them, then that is a -?- isolation technique.
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VARIATION | Artificial selection works due to the natural -?- that exists in all species.
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POLLINATION | Many foods we eat depend on -?- by insects.
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SIMILARITIES | Much of the evidence for evolution comes from the fact that the many -?- among the different species suggest a common ancestry.
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FOSSIL | The most compelling evidence that evolution has occurred is the -?- record.
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TIME | Darwin used the evidence provided by Hutton and Lyell to show that there was lots of -?- for evolution to occur.
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ANCESTORS | The theory of evolution includes the idea that fossils represent the -?- of species alive today.
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ALL | Darwin's theory of evolution attributed -?- life on earth to a common ancestor.
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ACQUIRED | Lamarck believed that evolution was the result of -?- traits being passed on.
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OPERATOR | In bacteria gene expression can be controlled when repressor proteins knot the DNA by attaching to the -?- site on the DNA strand.
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COMPOUND | Insects have -?- eyes.
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DOMINANCE | Mendel believed the F1 generations of hybrids were all the same was due to the -?- of certain traits.
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CAN | It is a fact that evolution -?- occur.
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ASEXUAL | -?- reproduction is fast, but produces no variation.
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POLAR BODIES | Meiosis in females results in one egg and 3 -?-
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MAMMALS | There were a few small -?- alive during the Mesozoic era.
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PRECAMBRIAN | -?- was the first and longest period of time in the geologic time scale.
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PROPHASE | What is the first step of mitosis?
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AUG | What codon codes for methionine?
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GILLS | Crustaceans use -?- for respiration.
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ACHONDROPLASIA | The fancy name for the disorder caused by a dominant gene which results in little people.
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TETRADS | During meiosis -?- form as 2 homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids) line up together in the middle of the cell.
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RELATIVE | -?- dating of fossils tells us which came first and which came last, but not how old they are.
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SEDIMENTARY | Most fossils are found in -?- rocks.
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TRILOBITES | Arthropods have evolved from -?-.
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AVERY | Who discovered that gene were made of DNA in 1944?
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ELECTRICITY | In order to get an egg to accept the replacement DNA scientist use -?- to encourage the cell to fuse and begin mitosis.
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PNEUMONIA | What disease did Griffith inject into mice?
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MESOZOIC | The -?- era had a mass extinctions before and after it.
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RECOMBINANT | -?- DNA technology has allowed us to create glowing mice.
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URACIL | Unlike DNA, RNA has a -?- base.
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ABPOSITIVE | What blood type has the most protein antigens in it?
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FOUR | The crustaceans usually have -?- antennae.
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OPERONS | Humans do not have -?-, so our cells can access each gene individually.
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READ | After completing the HGP people were heard to say, now that we have the book we need to how to -?- it.
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TWENTY THREE | A normal human egg has -?- chromosomes.
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EARTH | Darwin figured that if the -?- could change as Hutton and Lyell suggested, them maybe life could change.
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REPRODUCTIVE | Meiosis occurs only in the -?- organs of a birds body.
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UNZIP | The first step in replication of DNA is to -?- the DNA molecule.
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GENES | Differentiation is accomplished in humans by the control of the expression of -?-
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POPULATIONS | -?- evolve, not individuals.
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MOLTING | During -?- an insects sheds its old exoskeleton.
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ZERO | If big toes is dominant, and little toes is recessive, what is the probability of getting a little toed kid when a homozygous big toed person is crossed with a homozygous little toed person?
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DNA FINGERPRINT | A -?- is produced by analyzing the junk DNA between the genes.
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SINGLE | Unlike DNA, RNA is a -?- strand.
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EQUILIBRIUM | If a population is not evolving then it must be in a state of genetic -?-
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WEATHER | The different Galapagos islands had a variety of -?- patterns.
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ENVIRONMENT | During natural selection it is the -?- that determines which organisms will survive.
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MILLIONS | Hutton said that it took -?- of years for the Earth's features to form.
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MAN | During artificial selection, it is -?- that decides who will live and die.
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MUTATIONS | Though out history it has been the introduction of random -?- that has provided the source of useful and novel characteristics along with genetic disorders.
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TELOPHASE | What is the last step of mitosis?
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FITTEST | Natural selection only lets the -?- survive.
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PAGE | A gene is like a -?- in the master plan.
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BOOK | A chromosome is like a -?- in the master plan.
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CODOMINANT | If a bear looks gray because it has white hairs and black hairs then the black and white genes must be -?-
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DINOSAURS | There were a lot of -?- during the Mesozoic era.
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FISH | There were a lot of -?- during the Paleozoic era.
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THREE | How many bases make a codon?
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STABILIZING | -?- selection will make the bell shaped curve of phenotypes taller with steeper sides.
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SPECIES | Darwin wondered so many different -?- existed.
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PUNCTUATED | The fossil record matches better with a -?- equilibrium pattern of evolution.
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ORGAN | Someday soon we may have transgenic pigs that can act as -?- donors for humans.
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NONE | What animals did Mendel do genetic experiments on?
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NUCLEOTIDES | What are the monomers used to make DNA?
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REPRODUCE | By definition, the most fit organisms are the ones that -?- most.
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NONDISJUNCTION | Down syndrome is most often the result of -?- that occurs during the formation of an egg cell.
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MANDIBLES | Crustaceans usually have mouth parts called -?-.
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RIBOSOME | Where is the mRNA translated?
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SUBSTITUTION | What type of mutation will only affect one amino acid in the resultant protein?
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COLEOPTERA | What is the name of the insect order with the most species?
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DEOXYRIBOSE | What is the name of the sugar in DNA?
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RIBOSE | What is the name of the sugar in RNA?
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HYBRIDIZATION | -?- can produce new types of plants with traits that represent the best of both worlds.
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MITOSIS | What process creates new skin cells to replace old ones?
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CYCLINS | What are the newly discovered chemicals called that have a controlling influence over the cell cycle?
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CONTACT | -?- inhibition cause normal cells to stop growing when they become crowded by neighboring cells.
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NUCLEUS | Prokaryotic cells do not have a -?- to hold their single strand of DNA
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DISRUPTIVE | -?- selection will not change the average of a polygenic trait, but it will reduce the number of individuals that have the average.
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REFLEXES | Since Echinoderms do not have a brain it is assumed that there responses to stimuli are guided by -?-
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CHROMATIN | DNA that is not bundled up is called -?-
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RRNA | What type of nucleic acid is a ribosome made of?
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TRNA | What type of nucleic acid brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
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RANDOM | Since all naturally occurring mutations are -?-, it is very rare for it to be beneficial.
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GENE | The modern definition of a -?-, is a section of DNA that controls a particular trait.
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GEOGRAPHIC | The -?- distribution of species can be explained by the fact that species on different continents descended from different ancestors.
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THOUSANDS | Humans have -?- of genes.
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THOUSANDS | There are -?- of genes on your DNA.
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MALE | The anterior pair of swimmerets are enlarged in the -?- crayfish.
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CROSSING OVER | The process of -?- allow for novel combinations of genes to be created from a limited pool of chromosomes.
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LAY EGGS | The job of a queen insect is to -?-
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GATTACA | If one side of a DNA molecule had CTAATGT on it, what would the other side have on it?
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LARVA | The immature form of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis is called a -?-
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BILLIONS | Humans have -?- of bases in their DNA.
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KIDNEYS | The malpighian tubules of insects have the same function as human -?-
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ANAPHASE | During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids get pulled apart?
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METAPHASE | During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?
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FREQUENCY | The relative -?- of an allele gives its percentage of the gene pool for that trait.
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INTRON | Usually a mutation of an -?- will not harm a person.
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BEHAVIORAL | If one type of ant won't mate with another species of ant because it does not smell right, then those two species are using a -?- isolation technique.
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ALLELES | The various forms of a gene are called -?-
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CYTOKINESIS | The final part of the cell cycle when the cell becomes two cells is called -?-
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BACTERIA | The first forms of life on Earth were -?-
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NYMPH | The immature form of an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis is called a -?-
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COMPETE | Overproduction causes the offspring to -?- for the limited resources.
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BOYS | A recessive gene on the X chromosome will be expressed most often in -?-
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GIRLS | A dominant gene on the X chromosome will be expressed most often in -?-
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TRANSFERRNA | The anticodons are on the -?-.
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CEPHALIZATION | What is the one thing that all Echinoderms lack?
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MEIOSIS | What process turns one normal diploid body cell into 4 haploid sex cells.
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GREEN GLANDS | What crayfish organ lies in the head near the brain?
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CELLS | How naturally created organic chemicals could have formed into living -?- is still a mystery to science.
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CYSTIC FIBROSIS | Approximately 1 out of 30 people is a carrier for the gene that causes -?-
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PROTEIN | What is the outside of a virus made of?
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HYBRIDS | If the male P-generation and the female P-generations were different, then the offspring would be -?-
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ARTIFICIAL | Darwin noticed that people have been changing species for hundreds of years using -?- selection.
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SEVEN | The time-line on pg 292 is misleading because 1960 to 1977 (17 years) is 3 cm , but 1951 to 1953 (2 years) is about -?- cm.
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TEMPORAL | -?- isolation keeps plants that bloom in the spring from mating with plants that bloom in the fall.
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RNA | What solves the problem of having the instructions for proteins being in one spot, and the construction site in another.
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HGP | What government sponsored project was completed in the year 2000. (acronym)
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HISTONES | What are the protein molecules called that help DNA bundle in Eukaryotic cells?
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INCOMPLETE | The fossil record provides an -?- history of life on Earth.
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TRUTH | The bacteria became radioactive after the virus with tracers on its DNA infected it. truth or false
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TRACERS | What are the radioactive atoms called that scientists can detect with instruments.
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CHROMOSOMES | True independent assortment rarely happens because the genes for traits are bundle together on -?-
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DNA POLYMERASE | What enzyme reads/copies the DNA molecule during replication.
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DNA | Lamarck did not realize that the only thing a parent passes on to its offspring is -?-
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PKU | What is a recessive autosomal disease that all babies are checked for immediately after birth?
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FAR APART | If the recombination frequency is high then the genes must be -?- on the chromosome.
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CLOSE TOGETHER | If the recombination frequency is low (don't recombine much) then the genes must be -?- on the chromosome.
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SALT | A "spiky" looking red blood cell was probably placed in -?- water. salt or pure
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EXTERNAL | Echinoderms use -?- reproduction, and the parents never meet each other.
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ENDOSYMBIOTIC | The -?- theory says that the organelles of the first eukaryotic cells were actually bacteria living symbiotically within other bacteria.
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BASES | In translation a sequence of -?- becomes a sequence of amino acids.
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RNABASES | Transcription changes a sequence of DNA bases into a sequence of -?-.
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CONVERGENT | Different species in similar environments will likely undergo -?- evolution.
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PHOSPHATE | What molecular group sits between the sugars in a DNA molecule?
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MUTATIONS | -?- are a source of variation in an asexually reproducing population.
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REPRODUCTIVELY | In order for speciation to occur, a population must be split into two -?- isolated groups.
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ANCESTOR | Proving that different species have a common -?- proves evolution.
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FANGS | The chelicerae of spiders are basically -?-
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EMBRYOS | Where do human stems cells come from? TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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MRNA | What nucleic acid tells the ribosome which amino acid comes next?
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METEORITE | The evidence suggest that it was a -?- that caused the mass extinctions.
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PALEONTOLOGISTS | -?- are scientists that collect and study fossils.
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SPREAD DISEASE | The insects that cause the most harm to humans are the ones that -?-
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FLEX | Bugs have muscles that extend and -?- joints.
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SMOOTH | In Griffith's experiments the colonies of killer bacteria looked -?-
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CHARGAFF | Who discovered that the amount of C and G are always the same in samples of DNA?
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UNBRANCHED | The appendages of the uniramians are -?-.
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PERIODS | The Eras of the Geologic time scale are divided up into -?-
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GRAY | What color would the feathers be of a heterozygous bird be if they carry a black gene that has incomplete dominance over the white gene it carries?
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VESTIGIAL | Evolution can explain the presence of -?- organs such as the human appendix and wisdom teeth.
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ENVIRONMENTAL | Many traits are the results of an interaction between genetic factors and -?- factors.
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GALAPAGOS | Darwin noticed that the climate of the different -?- islands varied along with the species that lived on them.
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CENTROMERE | The thing in the middle of a chromosome that holds the chromatids together is called a -?-
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DNA | What was transforming the nice bacteria into killer in Griffith's experiments?
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NICE | In Griffith's experiments the bacteria that formed into rough colonies were the -?- bacteria.
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BELL | The graph of the phenotypes of a polygenic trait will usually be a -?- shaped curve.
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LAVA | A one point the entire Earth was one big ball of -?-
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ANALOGOUS | -?- structures look the same but evolved from different organs.
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SPERM | The gender of the offspring is determined by which sex chromosome the -?- was carrying.
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AGE OF THE WIFE | The odds of having a Down syndrome child goes up as the -?- of a man goes up.
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GELELECTROPHORESIS | -?- is used to make DNA fingerprints and to separate DNA pieces based on their sizes.
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RANDOM | If evolution is to be stopped then the matings must be -?-
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SMALL | It is impossible to stop a very -?- population from evolving.
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MARKERS | It is important to place -?- on the DNA of transformed organism so that we can tell them apart from the natural species.
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THERAPY | Gene -?- attempts to cure genetic disorders by inserting good DNA into cells of the patient.
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ONE HUNDRED | If big toes is dominant, and little toes is recessive, what is the probability of getting a heterozygous kid when a homozygous big toed person is crossed with a homozygous little toed person?
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RNA POLYMERASE | What enzyme transcribes DNA into RNA.
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GENETIC | DNA stores and transmits -?- information.
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INDIVIDUALS | There are always twice as many alleles as there are -?- in the population.
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ALLELES | All organisms have two -?- for any given gene.
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AUTOSOMES | A karyotype shows two sex chromosomes and 44 -?-
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HOMOZYGOUS | A genotype with two identical alleles is said to be -?-
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HETEROZYGOUS | A genotype with two different alleles (such as in most hybrids) is said to be -?-
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O NEGATIVE | What blood type can give to all other types?
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TRANSFORMATION | Bacteria cells suck up DNA from their surroundings in a process know as -?-
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CHEMICALS | The Miller and Urey experiments showed how some organic -?- could be made by natural processes.
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TUBEFEET | Star fish respirate, urinate, and locomate with their -?-.
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PEDIGREE CHARTS | Today the use of DNA analysis has largely replaced the use of -?- to determine an individuals genotype.
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TERRESTRIAL | -?- arthropods must use a form of internal fertilization, or else the gametes would dehydrate and die.
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MISSING LINKS | -?- are used by creationists as proof that the fossil record does not show evolution.
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PROBABILITY | Punnett squares are used to predict the -?- of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring of a cross.
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WAX | Humans get such useful items as silk, -?- and honey from insects.
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CARNIVORES | Spiders are -?-, using their silk to make webs and catch prey.
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RECESSIVE | -?- genes will usually not affect the phenotype unless they are present in a double dose in the individual.
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SEXLINKED | -?- genes are usually on the X chromosome, and cause disorders that are expressed much more often in males.
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ANSWER | Darwin came up with the theory of evolution as an -?- to the many questions raised by his observations.
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GLUTAMINE | What amino acid would be coded for by CAG on the RNA molecule?
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PROLINE | What amino acid would GGG on the DNA eventually result in after transcription and translation?
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HISTIDINE | What amino acid would GTA on the DNA eventually result in after transcription and translation?
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PHENYLALANINE | What amino acid would AAA on the DNA eventually result in after transcription and translation?
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HUTTON | What geologist who wrote a book in 1795 about how geological forces have shaped the Earth?
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FRANKLIN | Who took the x-ray photos of DNA that helped Watson and Crick figure out the structure of DNA?
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KARYOTYPE | A picture of your chromosomes during mitosis.
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