The Child with a Metabolic condition
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| 2 Major control systems that monitor the functions of the body | Nervous system and the Endocrine system
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| Chemical substances produced by the glands | Hormones
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| An organ specifically influenced by a certain hormone | Target organ
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| Most of the glands and structures of the endocrine system develop during | The 1st trimester of fetal development
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| Hormonal control is immature until | At least 18 months of age
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| What may occur as a result of an absent, nonfunctioning thyroid gland | Congenital hypothyroidism
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| Early signs of an inborn error of metabolism in the newborn | Lethargy, poor feeding, failure to thrive, vomiting, and an enlarged liver
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| Signs of metabolic dysfunction | Unexplained mental retardation, developmental delay, convulsions, odor to the body or urine, vomiting
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| Important screening device for identifying an enzyme deficiency | PKU testing
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| An enzyme necessary for the metabolism of fats | Hexosaminidase
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| Involves a deficiency of hexosaminidase | Tay-Sachs disease
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| The infant with Tay-Sachs disease is normal until | 5 to 6 months
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| TRUE or FALSE. Most children with Tay-Sachs disease die before 5 years of age from secondary infection or malnutrition | TRUE
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| Treatment for Tay-sach's disease | There is NO treatment
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| Occurs when there is a deficiency in the secretions of the thyroid | Hypothyroidism (congenital or acquired)
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| Acquired by the older child, may be caused by lymphocytic thyroiditis | Juvenile hypothyroidism
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| Manifestations of hypothyroidism in infants | Sluggish, enlarged tongue, dry skin, no perspiration, cold hands and feet
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| Treatments of hypothyroidism | Synthetic hormone sodium levothyroxine
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| Can be hereditary or acquired as the result of a head injury or tumor | Diabetes insipidus
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| Signs of Diabetes insipidus | Polydipsia and polyuria
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| Treatment of Diabets insipidus | Involves hormone replacement of vasopressin in the form of desmopressin by subcantaneous injection or DDAVP nasal spray
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| A chronic metabolic syndrome in which the body is unable to use carbohydrates properly, leading to an impairment of glucose transport | Diabetes mellitus (DM)
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| Incomplete fat metabolism produces ketone bodies that accumulate in the blood | Ketonemia
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| An autoimmune condition that occurs when a child with a genetic predisposition is exposed to an environmental factor such as viral infection that trigger the syndrome | Type 1 DM
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| Involves a resistance to insulin; often aggravated by a sedentary lifestyle and obesity | Type 2 DM
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| Manifestations of Type 1 DM | Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyuria (urine frequently), polyphagia (constantly hungry), lethargy, weakness, weight loss, hyperglycemia
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| Diagnostic Blood tests for Type 1 DM | Blood glucose, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin test
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| May be obtained at any time and requires no preparation of the patient | Blood glucose
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| A standard and reliable test for diabetes; measured in the fasting patient | Fasting blood glucose
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| Used to determine the amount of glucose in the blood; results are plotted on a graph | Glucose Tolerance test
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| Reflects glycemic levels over a period of months; Values are found to be elevated in virtually all children with newly diagnoses diabetes | Glycosylated hemoglobin test
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| Referred to as diabetic coma | Ketoacidosis
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| Symptoms of ketoacidosis | Fruity odor to the breath, nausea, decreased level of consciousness, and dehydration
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| 3 goals of treatment in Type 1 DM | 1. Ensure normal growth and development through metabolic control
2. Enable the child to cope with a chronic illness
3. Prevent complications
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| Provides readouts and automatically store data by time and date | Glucometer systems
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| Refers to changes that can occcur in the subcutaneous tissue at the injection site | Lipoatrophy
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| Types of insulin | Short-acting; Rapid-acting; Intermediate-Acting; Long-acting
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| Short-Acting Insulin | Humulin R- onset 30-60 min; Peak 2-5 hrs; Duration 5 to 8 hrs
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| Rebound hyperglycemia; occurs when blood glucose levels are lowered to a point at which the body's counterregulatory hormones (epinephrine, cortisol, glucagon) are released | Somogyi phenomenon
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| Recommended for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia | Glucagon
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| When early morning elevations of blood glucose occur without preceding hypoglycemia and may be a response to growth hormone secretion that occurs in the early morning hours | Dawn phenomenon
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