The Child with a Cardiovascular Disorder
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| When does the cardiovascular system develop? | Between the 3rd and 8th week of gestation
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| Signs related to suspected cardiac pathology to report | Failure to thrive, Cyanosis, pallor, tachypnea, dyspnea, irregular pulse rate, clubbing of fingers, fatigue during feeding or activity, excessive perspiration, visual pulsations in the neck veins
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| Causes of Congenital heart defects | Genetic or maternal factors, or environmental factors (drugs,rubella)
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| TRUE or FALSE. Congenital heart defects are NOT a problem for the fetus because the fetal-maternal circulation compensates for all fetal oxygen needs | TRUE
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| Of the congenital anomalies, what is the principal cause of death during the first year of life | Heart defects
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| How is congenital heart disease treated? | Surgery. Thoracotomy (chest incision)
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| Reduces the temperature of body tissues, resulting in a decreased need for oxygen | Hypothermia
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| 2 categories of Congenital heart defects | Cyanotic and acyanotic
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| The study of blood circulation | hemodynamics
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| Refers to the flow of blood through an abnormal opening between 2 vessels of the heart | Shunt
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| Congenital heart defects that cause the blood to return to the right ventricle and recirculate through the lungs before exiting the left ventricle throught the aorta are known as | Defects that increase pulmonary blood flow
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| TRUE or FALSE. In congenital heart disease, cyanosis is NOT ALWAYS a clinical sign | TRUE
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| Involves an abnormal opening between the right and left atria | Atrial Septal Defect
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| TRUE or FALSE. Most patients have symptoms of atrial septal defect | FALSE
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| Diagnostic tests used to confirm atrial septal disease | Cardiac catherization, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography
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| What is usually prescribed for 6 months after repair in atrial septal defect? | Low-dose aspirin therapy
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| Most common heart anomaly | Ventricular septal defect
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| Characteristic of Ventricular septal defect | Loud, harsh murmur combined with a systolic thrill
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| Treatment for Ventricular septal defect | Open heart surgery
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| The passageway through which the blood crosses from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and avoids the deflated lungs | Ductus arteriosus
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| The ductus arteriosus closes shortly after birth, what happens whe it does NOT close? | Blood continues to pass from the aorta, where the pressure is higher, into the pulmonary artery
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| Symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | May go unnoticed during infancy
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| PDA occurs twice as frequently in ____ as is in ____ | Girls; Boys
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| Means "a tightening" | Coarctation
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| Characteristic symptoms of coarctation of the aorta are | A marked difference in the blood pressure and pulses of the upper and lower extremities
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| If coarctation of the aorta is untreated what can develop? | Hypertension, CHF, and infective endocarditis
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| Treatment for Coarctation of the aorta for older children | Percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stents can be inserted to maintain patency.
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| What occurs when a congenital heart anomaly allows blood that has not passed through the lungs to enter the aorta and the general circulation | A decrease in pulmonary blood flow
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| What is cyanosis caused by the presence of unoxygenated blood in the circulation is a characteristic of what? | Congenital heart anomaly
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| Tetra means | Four
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| 4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot | 1. Stenosis or narrowing of the pulmonary artery
2. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
3. Dextroposition of the aorta
4. VSD
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| Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot | Cyanosis, clubbing of the fingers and toes, feeding problems, growth retardation
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| What position would a child rests to breathe more easily in Tetralogy of Fallot | Squatting
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| Paroxysmal hypercyanotic episodes are also known as | "Tet" spells
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| Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot | Chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, 3-dimensional echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization
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| Thickened blood as a result of increased RBCs | Polycythermia
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| Surgical procedure for newborns or premature infants in Tetralogy of Fallot | Blalock-Taussig
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| After catherization for congenital heart defects, what does nursing care involves | Monitoring vital signs, observing for thrombosis formation, and performing neurovascular checks
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| TRUE or FALSE. Immunizations after cardiac transplantation should be continued | FALSE. Immunizations must be placed on hold
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| Why is dental care in children with heart disease important? | To prevent bacteremia, which can cause bacterial endocarditis
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| Aimed at preventing anemia and promoting optimal growth and development | Nutritional guidance
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| Which side of the heart moves unoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circulation in congestive heart failure | Right
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| Which side of the heart moves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation to the systemic circulation in congestive heart failure | Left
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| Early signs of CHF | Tachycardia at rest, fatigure during feeding, sweating around scalp and forehead, dyspnea, weight gain
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| The amount of blood ejected during one contraction | Stroke volume
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| Treatment for Congestive heart failure (CHF) | Reduce the work of the heart, improve respiration, maintain proper nutrition, prevent infection, reduce anxiety, support and instuct parents
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| TRUE or FALSE. A complete bath and linen change for an infant with a serious heart defect may NOT be a priority. | TRUE
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| Systemic disease involving the joints, hearts, central nervous, skin, and subcutaneous tissus. | Rheumatic fever
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| Group of disorders Rheumatic fever belongs to | Collagen diseases
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| Symptoms of Rheumatic fever | Migatory polyarthritis (wandering joint pains), skin eruptions, chorea, and inflammation of the heart; fever, fatigue, anorexia, nosebleeds
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| Myocardial lesions | Aschoff's bodies
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| Diagnosis of rheumatic fever | X-rays, throat cultue, pulmonary function tests, electrocardiogram
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| Treatment of rheumatic fever | Penicillin, antibacterial therapy, physical and mental rest, management of cardiac failure
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| Prevention of Rheumatic fever | Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal
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| TRUE or FALSE. Congenital heart defects that result in a recirculation of blood to the lungs do not usually produce cyanosis as a clinical sign | TRUE
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| The major Jones criteria diagnostic of rheumatic fever include | Polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, Sydenham's chorea, and rheumatic carditis
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| TRUE or FALSE. A child under age 2 years should have a fat-restricted diet. | FALSE
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