Final Exam for Micro
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| organisms that require oxygen to live. oxygen needed, grow at the top | obligate aerobes
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| a bacterium that grows below ph4. tolerant to acid | acidophiles
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| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (h+) and one or more negative ions | acids
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| a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short day | acute disease
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| the ability obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and t cells | adaptive (specific) immunity
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| a substance added to a vaccine to increase its effectiveness | adjuvants
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| a complex polysaccharide derived from a marine alga and used as a solidifing agent in culture media | agar
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| an organic acid containing an amino group and a carboxyl group. in alpha-amino acids the amino and carboxyl groups are attached to the same carbon atom called the alpha carbon | amino acid
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| all synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones | anabolism
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| an ion with a negative charge | anion
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| an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus | antibiotic
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| the 3 nucleotides by which a tRNA recognizes an mRNA codon | anticodon
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| any substance that causes antibody formation; also called immunogen | antigens
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| the natural programmed death of a cell; the residual fragments are disposed of by phagocytosis | apoptosis
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| domain of prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domain | archaea
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| the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms | asepsis
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| laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination | aseptic technique
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic number
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| the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic weight
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| the smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction | atoms
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| 1. any rod shaped bacterium. | bacillus
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| domain of prokaryotic organism, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls | bacteria
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| the scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea | bacteriology
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| the arrangement of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids based on hydrogen bonding; in DNA base pairs are A-T and G-C; in RNA A-U and G-C | base pairs
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| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (oh-) and one or more positive ions | bases
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| the system of having two names (genus & specific epithet) for each organism; also called scientific nomenclature | binomial nomenclature
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| a substance capable of killing microorganisms | biocide
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| the theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells | biogenesis
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| the industrial application of microorganism, cells, or cell components to make a useful product | biotechnology
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| an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen present in a 2:1 ratio; carbohydrates include starches, sugars, and cellulose | carbohydrate
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| all decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones | catabolism
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| an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide 2H O = 2H O+O 2 2 2 2 | catalase
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| a positively charged ion | cation
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| an attraction force between atoms forming a molecule | chemical bond
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| the energy of a chemical reaction | chemical energy
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| the process of making or breaking bonds between atoms | chemical reaction
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| the science of the interactions between atoms and molecules | chemistry
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| treatment of disease with chemical substance | chemotherapy
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| the organelle that performs photosynthesis in photoautotrophic eukaryotes | chloroplast
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| a relatively short cellular projection from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules | cilia
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| a spherical or ovoid bacterium | cocci
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| a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies the insertion of an amino acid into a polypeptide | codons
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| a symbiotic relationship in which two organisms live in association and one is benefited while the other is neither benefited nor harmed | commensalisms
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| any disease that can be spread from one host to another | communicable disease
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| a chemical that competes with the normal substance for the active site of an enzyme | competitive inhibitor
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| DNA made in vitro from an mRNA template | complementary DNA (cDNA)
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| a substance composed of two or more different chemical elements | compound
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| the process by which a portion of one chromosome is exchanged with a portion of another chromosome | crossing over
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| microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium | culture
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| in a prokaryotic cell, everything inside the plasme mumbrane; in a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane and external in the nucleus | cytoplasm
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| the fluid portion of cytoplasm | cytosol
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| a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken to produce smaller parts from a large molecule | decomposition reaction
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| a stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining procedure | differential stain
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| the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | diffusion
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| an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal function; any change from a state of health | disease
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| any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant | disinfection
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| the nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses double strand | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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| a taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level | domain
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| a negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus of an atom | electron
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| a new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future. | emerging ifectious disease (EID)
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| a molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein | enzyme
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| a temporary union of an enzyme and its substrate | enzyme substrate complex
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| the study of the cause of a disease | etiology
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| all eukaryotes (animal, plants, fungi, and protists); membrane of the domain eukarya | eukarya
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| a cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus | eukaryote
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| a region of a eukaryotic chromosome that encodes a protein | exon
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| an organism that can grow with or without molecular oxygen (O ) ( 2) | facultative anaerobe
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| inhibition of an enzyme in a particular pathway by the accumulation of the end-product of the pathway; also called en-product ingibition | feedback inhibition
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| the enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required | fermentation
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| a thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9+2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells. | flagella
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| an organism that belongs to the kingdom fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph | fungi
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| treating a disease by replacing abnormal genes | gene therapy
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| a segment of DNA (a sequence of nucleotides in DNA) encoding a functional product | genes
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| manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro | genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology rDNA)
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| one complete copy of the genetic information in a cell | genome
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| the study of genes and their function | genomics
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| the genetic make-up of an organism. the genes inside | genotype
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| the first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species | genus
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| bacteria that lose the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; gram negactive is pink | gram negative
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| bacteria that retain the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; gram postive is purple | gram positive
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| a protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes | histones
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| the ability obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells | immunity (adaptive immunity)
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| the growth of microorganisms in the body. invasion of the body | infection
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| host defense that afford protection against any kind of pathogen | innate (nonspecific) immunity
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| a small molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen | inorganic compound
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| a specific group of cytokines | interferon
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| a region in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for a protein or mRNA | introns
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| a negatively or positively charged atom or group of atoms | ions
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| one or two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures | isomers
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| a form of a chemical element in which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is different from the other forms of the element | isotopes
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| a taxonomic classification between domain and phyhem | kingdom
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| during DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously. step behind | lagging strand
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| during DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously. step ahead | leading strand
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| a non-water soluble organic molecule, including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols | lipids
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| an organelle containing disgestive enzymes | lysosome
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| an organism that grows between about 10c and 50c; a moderate temperature- loving microbe | mesophiles
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| the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell | metabolism
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| a living organism to small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic alfae; also includes viruses | microorganisms
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| an organelle containing krebs cycle enzymes and the electrom transport chain | mitochondria
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| the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms making up a molecule | molecular weight
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| a combination of atoms forming a specific chemical compound | molecule
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| the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population | morbidity rate
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| a substance added to a staining solution to make it stain more intensely | mordant
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| the number of deaths resulting from a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population | mortality rate
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| the type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins | messenger RNA (mRNA)
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| an agent in the environment that brings about mutations | mutagen
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| a type of symbiosis in which both organisms or populations are benefited. | mutualism
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| the scientific study of fungi | mycology
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| an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom | neutrons
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| an inhibitory chemical that does not compete with the substrate for an enzyme's active site | noncompetitive inhibitor
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| the microorganism that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora | normal microbiota
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| an infection that develops during the course of a hospital stay and was not present at the time the patient was admitted | nosocomial infection
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| a disease that physicians must report to the u.s. public health service; also call reportable disease. | notifiable disease
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| a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate | nucleotide
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| 1. the part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutons. 2. the part of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material | nucleus
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| in a compound light microscope, the lenses closet to the specimen | objective lenses
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| bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reaction. oxygen not needed, grow at the bottom | obligate anaerobes
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| in a compound light microscope, the lens closet to the viewer; also called the eyepiece | ocular lens
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| a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances | opportunistic pathogen
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| a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen | organic compounds
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| the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration | osmosis
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| an epidemic that occurs worldwide | pandemic disease
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| a symbiotic relationship in which one organis (the parasite) exploits another (the host) without providing any benefit in return | parasitism
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| the scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms | parasitology
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| the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens | pasteurization
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| a disease-causing organism | pathogenic (pathogen)
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| a bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid witht the loss of a water molecule | peptide bond
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| organelles that oxidizes amino acids, fatty acids, and alcohol | peroxisome
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| the external manifestations of an organism's genotype or genetic make-up. physical appearence | phebotype
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| an appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and glidig motility | pili
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| a cell that an activated B cell differentiates into; plasma cells manufacture specific antibodies | plasma cell
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| 1. a chain of amino acids 2. a group of antibiotics | polypeptides
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| antibody prodcution in response to the first contact with an antigen | primary immune response
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| an acute infection that causes the initial illness | primary infection
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| an infections agent consisting of a self-replicating protein; with no detectable nucleic acids | prions
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| microbes inoculated into a host to occupy a niche and prevent growth of pathogens | probiotics
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| a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope | prokaryote
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| a large molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (and sulfur); some proteins have a helical structure and others are pleated sheets | protein
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| a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom | proton
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| an organism that grows best at about 15c and does not grow about 20c; a cold loving microbe | psychrophile
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| the class of a nucleic acid bases that include adeniue and guanine | purines
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| the class of nucleic acid bases that includes uracil, thymine, and cytosine | pyrimidines
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| a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different sources | recombinant DNA (rDNA)
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| the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument; also called resolving power | resolution
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| a virus that has RNA for a nucleus | retrovirus
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| an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; an enzyme that synthesizes a complentary DNA from an RNA template | reverse transcription
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| the site of protein synthesis in a cellm composed of RNA and protein | ribosome
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| endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its surface | rough er
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| the removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas | sanitization
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| an infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the hosts defenses | secondary infectin
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| the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue | sepsis
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| a change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure. you can see | signs
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| a method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye | simple stain
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| endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes | smooth er
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| a substance dissolved in another substance | solute
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| a dissolving medium | solvent
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| the most specific level in the taxonomic hierarchy | species
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| the second or species name in a scientific binomial | specific epithet
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| a helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium | spirillum
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| cocci in a grapelike cluster or broad sheet | staphylococcus
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| free of microorganisms | sterile
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| the removal of all microorganisms including endospores | sterilization
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| 1. cocci the remain attached in chains after cell divison 2. when written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria | streptococcus
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| any compound with which an enzyme reacts | substrates
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| the lack of resistance to a disease | susceptibility
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| the living together of two different organisms or population | symbiosis
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| a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease. cant see just feel | symptoms
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| a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease | syndrome
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| a chemical reaction in which two or more atoms combine to form a new, large molecule | synthesis reaction
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| an organism whose optimum growth temperature is between 50c and 60c; a heat loving microbe | thermophile
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| a chlorophyll-containing membrance in a chlorplast. a bacterial thylakoid is also known as a chromatophore | thylakoids
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| the magnification of a microscopic specimen, determined by multiplying the oculat lens magnification by the objective lens magnification | total magnification
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| the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template | transcription
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| 1. process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in solution 2. the changing of a normal cell into a cancerous cell | transformation
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| the microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease | transient microbiota
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| the use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of protein | translation
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| the process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine; also called immunization | vaccination
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| a preparation of killed, inactivated, or attenuated microorganisms or toxoids to induce artificially acquired active immunity | vaccine
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| an intracellular inclusion, in eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a plasma membrane; in prokaryotic cells, surrounded by a proteinaceous membrane | vacuoles
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| 1. a small serum-filled elevation of the skin. | vesicles
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| infectious RNA | viroids
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| the scientific study of viruses | virology
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| the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism | virulence
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| a submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat | virus
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