Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Final Exam for Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organisms that require oxygen to live. oxygen needed, grow at the top | obligate aerobes |
| a bacterium that grows below ph4. tolerant to acid | acidophiles |
| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (h+) and one or more negative ions | acids |
| a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short day | acute disease |
| the ability obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and t cells | adaptive (specific) immunity |
| a substance added to a vaccine to increase its effectiveness | adjuvants |
| a complex polysaccharide derived from a marine alga and used as a solidifing agent in culture media | agar |
| an organic acid containing an amino group and a carboxyl group. in alpha-amino acids the amino and carboxyl groups are attached to the same carbon atom called the alpha carbon | amino acid |
| all synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones | anabolism |
| an ion with a negative charge | anion |
| an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus | antibiotic |
| the 3 nucleotides by which a tRNA recognizes an mRNA codon | anticodon |
| any substance that causes antibody formation; also called immunogen | antigens |
| the natural programmed death of a cell; the residual fragments are disposed of by phagocytosis | apoptosis |
| domain of prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domain | archaea |
| the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms | asepsis |
| laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination | aseptic technique |
| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic number |
| the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic weight |
| the smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction | atoms |
| 1. any rod shaped bacterium. | bacillus |
| domain of prokaryotic organism, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls | bacteria |
| the scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea | bacteriology |
| the arrangement of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids based on hydrogen bonding; in DNA base pairs are A-T and G-C; in RNA A-U and G-C | base pairs |
| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (oh-) and one or more positive ions | bases |
| the system of having two names (genus & specific epithet) for each organism; also called scientific nomenclature | binomial nomenclature |
| a substance capable of killing microorganisms | biocide |
| the theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells | biogenesis |
| the industrial application of microorganism, cells, or cell components to make a useful product | biotechnology |
| an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen present in a 2:1 ratio; carbohydrates include starches, sugars, and cellulose | carbohydrate |
| all decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones | catabolism |
| an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide 2H O = 2H O+O 2 2 2 2 | catalase |
| a positively charged ion | cation |
| an attraction force between atoms forming a molecule | chemical bond |
| the energy of a chemical reaction | chemical energy |
| the process of making or breaking bonds between atoms | chemical reaction |
| the science of the interactions between atoms and molecules | chemistry |
| treatment of disease with chemical substance | chemotherapy |
| the organelle that performs photosynthesis in photoautotrophic eukaryotes | chloroplast |
| a relatively short cellular projection from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules | cilia |
| a spherical or ovoid bacterium | cocci |
| a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies the insertion of an amino acid into a polypeptide | codons |
| a symbiotic relationship in which two organisms live in association and one is benefited while the other is neither benefited nor harmed | commensalisms |
| any disease that can be spread from one host to another | communicable disease |
| a chemical that competes with the normal substance for the active site of an enzyme | competitive inhibitor |
| DNA made in vitro from an mRNA template | complementary DNA (cDNA) |
| a substance composed of two or more different chemical elements | compound |
| the process by which a portion of one chromosome is exchanged with a portion of another chromosome | crossing over |
| microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium | culture |
| in a prokaryotic cell, everything inside the plasme mumbrane; in a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane and external in the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| the fluid portion of cytoplasm | cytosol |
| a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken to produce smaller parts from a large molecule | decomposition reaction |
| a stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining procedure | differential stain |
| the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | diffusion |
| an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal function; any change from a state of health | disease |
| any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant | disinfection |
| the nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses double strand | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| a taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level | domain |
| a negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus of an atom | electron |
| a new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future. | emerging ifectious disease (EID) |
| a molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein | enzyme |
| a temporary union of an enzyme and its substrate | enzyme substrate complex |
| the study of the cause of a disease | etiology |
| all eukaryotes (animal, plants, fungi, and protists); membrane of the domain eukarya | eukarya |
| a cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus | eukaryote |
| a region of a eukaryotic chromosome that encodes a protein | exon |
| an organism that can grow with or without molecular oxygen (O ) ( 2) | facultative anaerobe |
| inhibition of an enzyme in a particular pathway by the accumulation of the end-product of the pathway; also called en-product ingibition | feedback inhibition |
| the enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required | fermentation |
| a thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9+2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells. | flagella |
| an organism that belongs to the kingdom fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph | fungi |
| treating a disease by replacing abnormal genes | gene therapy |
| a segment of DNA (a sequence of nucleotides in DNA) encoding a functional product | genes |
| manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro | genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology rDNA) |
| one complete copy of the genetic information in a cell | genome |
| the study of genes and their function | genomics |
| the genetic make-up of an organism. the genes inside | genotype |
| the first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species | genus |
| bacteria that lose the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; gram negactive is pink | gram negative |
| bacteria that retain the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; gram postive is purple | gram positive |
| a protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes | histones |
| the ability obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells | immunity (adaptive immunity) |
| the growth of microorganisms in the body. invasion of the body | infection |
| host defense that afford protection against any kind of pathogen | innate (nonspecific) immunity |
| a small molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen | inorganic compound |
| a specific group of cytokines | interferon |
| a region in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for a protein or mRNA | introns |
| a negatively or positively charged atom or group of atoms | ions |
| one or two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures | isomers |
| a form of a chemical element in which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is different from the other forms of the element | isotopes |
| a taxonomic classification between domain and phyhem | kingdom |
| during DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously. step behind | lagging strand |
| during DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously. step ahead | leading strand |
| a non-water soluble organic molecule, including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols | lipids |
| an organelle containing disgestive enzymes | lysosome |
| an organism that grows between about 10c and 50c; a moderate temperature- loving microbe | mesophiles |
| the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell | metabolism |
| a living organism to small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic alfae; also includes viruses | microorganisms |
| an organelle containing krebs cycle enzymes and the electrom transport chain | mitochondria |
| the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms making up a molecule | molecular weight |
| a combination of atoms forming a specific chemical compound | molecule |
| the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population | morbidity rate |
| a substance added to a staining solution to make it stain more intensely | mordant |
| the number of deaths resulting from a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population | mortality rate |
| the type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| an agent in the environment that brings about mutations | mutagen |
| a type of symbiosis in which both organisms or populations are benefited. | mutualism |
| the scientific study of fungi | mycology |
| an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom | neutrons |
| an inhibitory chemical that does not compete with the substrate for an enzyme's active site | noncompetitive inhibitor |
| the microorganism that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora | normal microbiota |
| an infection that develops during the course of a hospital stay and was not present at the time the patient was admitted | nosocomial infection |
| a disease that physicians must report to the u.s. public health service; also call reportable disease. | notifiable disease |
| a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate | nucleotide |
| 1. the part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutons. 2. the part of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material | nucleus |
| in a compound light microscope, the lenses closet to the specimen | objective lenses |
| bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reaction. oxygen not needed, grow at the bottom | obligate anaerobes |
| in a compound light microscope, the lens closet to the viewer; also called the eyepiece | ocular lens |
| a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances | opportunistic pathogen |
| a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen | organic compounds |
| the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration | osmosis |
| an epidemic that occurs worldwide | pandemic disease |
| a symbiotic relationship in which one organis (the parasite) exploits another (the host) without providing any benefit in return | parasitism |
| the scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms | parasitology |
| the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens | pasteurization |
| a disease-causing organism | pathogenic (pathogen) |
| a bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid witht the loss of a water molecule | peptide bond |
| organelles that oxidizes amino acids, fatty acids, and alcohol | peroxisome |
| the external manifestations of an organism's genotype or genetic make-up. physical appearence | phebotype |
| an appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and glidig motility | pili |
| a cell that an activated B cell differentiates into; plasma cells manufacture specific antibodies | plasma cell |
| 1. a chain of amino acids 2. a group of antibiotics | polypeptides |
| antibody prodcution in response to the first contact with an antigen | primary immune response |
| an acute infection that causes the initial illness | primary infection |
| an infections agent consisting of a self-replicating protein; with no detectable nucleic acids | prions |
| microbes inoculated into a host to occupy a niche and prevent growth of pathogens | probiotics |
| a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope | prokaryote |
| a large molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (and sulfur); some proteins have a helical structure and others are pleated sheets | protein |
| a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom | proton |
| an organism that grows best at about 15c and does not grow about 20c; a cold loving microbe | psychrophile |
| the class of a nucleic acid bases that include adeniue and guanine | purines |
| the class of nucleic acid bases that includes uracil, thymine, and cytosine | pyrimidines |
| a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different sources | recombinant DNA (rDNA) |
| the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument; also called resolving power | resolution |
| a virus that has RNA for a nucleus | retrovirus |
| an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; an enzyme that synthesizes a complentary DNA from an RNA template | reverse transcription |
| the site of protein synthesis in a cellm composed of RNA and protein | ribosome |
| endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its surface | rough er |
| the removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas | sanitization |
| an infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the hosts defenses | secondary infectin |
| the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue | sepsis |
| a change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure. you can see | signs |
| a method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye | simple stain |
| endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes | smooth er |
| a substance dissolved in another substance | solute |
| a dissolving medium | solvent |
| the most specific level in the taxonomic hierarchy | species |
| the second or species name in a scientific binomial | specific epithet |
| a helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium | spirillum |
| cocci in a grapelike cluster or broad sheet | staphylococcus |
| free of microorganisms | sterile |
| the removal of all microorganisms including endospores | sterilization |
| 1. cocci the remain attached in chains after cell divison 2. when written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria | streptococcus |
| any compound with which an enzyme reacts | substrates |
| the lack of resistance to a disease | susceptibility |
| the living together of two different organisms or population | symbiosis |
| a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease. cant see just feel | symptoms |
| a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease | syndrome |
| a chemical reaction in which two or more atoms combine to form a new, large molecule | synthesis reaction |
| an organism whose optimum growth temperature is between 50c and 60c; a heat loving microbe | thermophile |
| a chlorophyll-containing membrance in a chlorplast. a bacterial thylakoid is also known as a chromatophore | thylakoids |
| the magnification of a microscopic specimen, determined by multiplying the oculat lens magnification by the objective lens magnification | total magnification |
| the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template | transcription |
| 1. process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in solution 2. the changing of a normal cell into a cancerous cell | transformation |
| the microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease | transient microbiota |
| the use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of protein | translation |
| the process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine; also called immunization | vaccination |
| a preparation of killed, inactivated, or attenuated microorganisms or toxoids to induce artificially acquired active immunity | vaccine |
| an intracellular inclusion, in eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a plasma membrane; in prokaryotic cells, surrounded by a proteinaceous membrane | vacuoles |
| 1. a small serum-filled elevation of the skin. | vesicles |
| infectious RNA | viroids |
| the scientific study of viruses | virology |
| the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism | virulence |
| a submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat | virus |
Created by:
laurene
Popular Science sets