175 Key Vocab Terms
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| 111. Monocular Cue | show |
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| 112. Mood-Congruent memory | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | show 🗑
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| show | In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). |
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| 114. Myelin Sheath | show |
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| show | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological trait and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. |
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| 116. Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: it is not punishment) | show 🗑
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| show | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. |
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| 118. Norephenenphrine | It helps control alertness and arousal. When there is an undersupply, it can depress mood. | show 🗑
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| show | A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes. |
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| show | A function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. |
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| 101. Longitudinal Study | show |
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| 102. Long-term memory | show |
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| show | Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
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| show | The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. |
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| show | The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| 106. Mental Illness | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. | show 🗑
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| 107. Mental Imagery | show 🗑
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| 108. Milgram's Experiment | show |
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| 108. Milgram's Experiment cont. | 15 volts. Then the voltages would keep moving up all the way to 450 volts, bringing agonizing shrieks from the learners. What had happened was though was that the "learners" were a confederate that had only pretended to feel the shock, but the teachers | show 🗑
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| 108. Milgram's experiment cont2. | never caught onto it. When the learner would protest the teacher started to insist on continuing but the teacher kept obeying. It was astonishing to see the final result that 63% complied fully until the last switch. (pg. 654-656) | show 🗑
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| show | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
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| 110. Mode | show |
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| show | The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
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| show | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
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| 123. Opponent Process Theory | show |
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| show | A book that Charles Darwin wrote explaining his theory of Evolution. |
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| show | The overjustification effect happens when an external incentive like a reward, decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a particular task. |
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| 126. Personality | An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | show 🗑
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| show | A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. |
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| 128. Phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects,activites, or situations. | show 🗑
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| 129. Phoneme | show |
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| 130. Phrenology | show |
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| show | anxiety that results from simultaneously holding contradictory or otherwise incompatible attitudes, beliefs, or the like, as when one likes a person but disapproves strongly of one of his or her habits. |
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| show | The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. |
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| 33. Collective Unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. | show 🗑
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| show | In classical conditioning the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. |
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| 35. Conditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus. | show 🗑
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| 36. Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. | show 🗑
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| 37. Conflict | A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. | show 🗑
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| 38. Conformity | show |
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| show | Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
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| 40. Control Group | A group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated. | show 🗑
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| 131 and 132. Placebo Effect | Any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo. | show 🗑
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| 133. Positive Correlation | show |
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| show | Encouraging correct behavior by rewarding the behavior. |
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| 136. Prejudice | show |
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| 137. Primacy Effect | Effect when you are able to memorize the first items on a list better then the items in the middle. | show 🗑
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| show | When previously learned information is interfering with new information you are trying to learn. |
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| show | Behaviors that are meant to help others. |
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| 1. Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time. | show 🗑
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| 2. Accomodation | show |
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| 3. Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that is the messenger at the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle that when fired will make the muscle contracts. | show 🗑
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| show | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| 5. Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon. | show 🗑
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| 6. Aggression | show |
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| show | A displeasing feeling of fear or concern |
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| 8. Approach/Avoidance | show |
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| 9. Artificial Intelligence | show |
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| 10. Associationism | show |
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| 62. Empiricism | The theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experiences. | show 🗑
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| 63. Etiology | show |
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| show | Change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. |
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| 65. Experiment | A test, trial, or tentative procedure. | show 🗑
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| 66. Experimental Group | show |
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| show | The conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. |
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| 68 & 69. Extinction | show |
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| 70. Extraversion | show |
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| show | An Intelligence test ment defined originally as the ratio of mental age(ma)/chronological age(ca) multiplie by 100 (IQ = ma/ca X100) |
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| 93.James-Lange Theory | show |
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| show | A personality trait, where one is more private and towards them-self in life (opposite of extroverted) |
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| 94. Just noticeable diffrence | show |
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| show | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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| 96. Latent Content | show |
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| 97. Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | show 🗑
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| 98. Learned Helplessness | show |
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| 99.Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | show |
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| 100.Longitudinal Research | research on intelligence over long periods of time | show 🗑
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| 81. Hindsight Bias | The tendancy to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it | show 🗑
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| 82.Hypothesis Testing | The theory, methods, and practice of testing a hypothesis by comparing it with the null hypothesis. | show 🗑
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| show | A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives |
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| 84.Implicit Memory | show |
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| 85. Imprinting | show |
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| 86. Independent Variable | show |
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| 88. infant- mother attachment | show |
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| 89. instrumental behavior | show |
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| show | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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| 41. correlation | show |
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| 42. correlation coefficient | show |
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| 44. cross-sectional study | show |
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| 45. declarative memory | a type of long term memory in which we store memories | show 🗑
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| show | the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| 47. deindividuation | show |
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| 48. dendrite | show |
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| show | a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosones |
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| show | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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| 61. Electroencephalograph | The measurement and recording of voltage fluctuations along the scalp. | show 🗑
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