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175 Key Vocab Terms
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| 111. Monocular Cue | Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone. | |
| 112. Mood-Congruent memory | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | |
| 113. Morpheme | In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). | |
| 114. Myelin Sheath | a layer of fatty tissues segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmissions speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. | |
| 115. Nature/Nurture Controversy | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological trait and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. | |
| 116. Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: it is not punishment) | |
| 117. Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. | |
| 118. Norephenenphrine | It helps control alertness and arousal. When there is an undersupply, it can depress mood. | |
| 119. Normal Curve | A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes. | |
| 120. Normal Distribution | A function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. | |
| 101. Longitudinal Study | Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. | |
| 102. Long-term memory | The relatively permanent and limitless store-house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | |
| 103. Maturation | Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. | |
| 104. Mean | The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. | |
| 105. Median | The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. | |
| 106. Mental Illness | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. | |
| 107. Mental Imagery | ||
| 108. Milgram's Experiment | His experiment was to test obedience. He had 40 participants and had them draw if they were going to be a "teacher" or a "learner". They learner would be taught and then tested if he/she answered incorrectly then they would be shocked starting with | |
| 108. Milgram's Experiment cont. | 15 volts. Then the voltages would keep moving up all the way to 450 volts, bringing agonizing shrieks from the learners. What had happened was though was that the "learners" were a confederate that had only pretended to feel the shock, but the teachers | |
| 108. Milgram's experiment cont2. | never caught onto it. When the learner would protest the teacher started to insist on continuing but the teacher kept obeying. It was astonishing to see the final result that 63% complied fully until the last switch. (pg. 654-656) | |
| 109. Misinformation affect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | |
| 110. Mode | The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. | |
| 121.Object Permanence | The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. | |
| 122. Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | |
| 123. Opponent Process Theory | The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. | |
| 124. Origin of the Species | A book that Charles Darwin wrote explaining his theory of Evolution. | |
| 125. Overjustification Effect | The overjustification effect happens when an external incentive like a reward, decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a particular task. | |
| 126. Personality | An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | |
| 127. PET Scan | A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. | |
| 128. Phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects,activites, or situations. | |
| 129. Phoneme | In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | |
| 130. Phrenology | This idea was a central theme in the pseudoscience known as phrenology, a discipline that involved linking bumps on a person's head to certain aspects of the individual's personality and character. | |
| 31. Cognitive Dissonance | anxiety that results from simultaneously holding contradictory or otherwise incompatible attitudes, beliefs, or the like, as when one likes a person but disapproves strongly of one of his or her habits. | |
| 32. Cognitive Dissonance Theory | The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. | |
| 33. Collective Unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. | |
| 34. Conditioned Reflex | In classical conditioning the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. | |
| 35. Conditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus. | |
| 36. Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. | |
| 37. Conflict | A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. | |
| 38. Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. | |
| 39. Consciousness | Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. | |
| 40. Control Group | A group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated. | |
| 131 and 132. Placebo Effect | Any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo. | |
| 133. Positive Correlation | A correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small. | |
| 134 and 135. Positive Reinforcement | Encouraging correct behavior by rewarding the behavior. | |
| 136. Prejudice | Preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience. | |
| 137. Primacy Effect | Effect when you are able to memorize the first items on a list better then the items in the middle. | |
| 138. Proactive Interference | When previously learned information is interfering with new information you are trying to learn. | |
| 139. Prosocial Behavior | Behaviors that are meant to help others. | |
| 1. Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time. | |
| 2. Accomodation | Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. | |
| 3. Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that is the messenger at the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle that when fired will make the muscle contracts. | |
| 4.Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | |
| 5. Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon. | |
| 6. Aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone. | |
| 7. Anxiety | A displeasing feeling of fear or concern | |
| 8. Approach/Avoidance | A conflict within one's psyche that deals with choices regarding something positive and the valence (consiquence) of doing said action. These conflicts cause emotional stress. | |
| 9. Artificial Intelligence | Intelligence that is created in order to act like regular intelligence. Usually found in machines. | |
| 10. Associationism | An idea, first recorded by Plato and Aristotle, that mental processes operate by association of one state with it's successor state. | |
| 62. Empiricism | The theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experiences. | |
| 63. Etiology | The study of the causes of diseases. | |
| 64. Evolution | Change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. | |
| 65. Experiment | A test, trial, or tentative procedure. | |
| 66. Experimental Group | A group of subjects who are exposed to the variable under study. | |
| 67. Explicit Memory | The conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. | |
| 68 & 69. Extinction | The reduction or loss of a conditioned response as a result of the absence or withdrawal of reinforcement. | |
| 70. Extraversion | The act of directing one's interest outward or to things outside the self. | |
| 91. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | An Intelligence test ment defined originally as the ratio of mental age(ma)/chronological age(ca) multiplie by 100 (IQ = ma/ca X100) | |
| 93.James-Lange Theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli | |
| 92. Introversion | A personality trait, where one is more private and towards them-self in life (opposite of extroverted) | |
| 94. Just noticeable diffrence | also called the diffrence threshold, is the minimum diffrence a person can detect betwen any two stimuli half the time. | |
| 95. Kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | |
| 96. Latent Content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream(as distinct from its manifest content) | |
| 97. Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | |
| 98. Learned Helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | |
| 99.Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | Whorf's Hypothesis that language determines the way we think | |
| 100.Longitudinal Research | research on intelligence over long periods of time | |
| 81. Hindsight Bias | The tendancy to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it | |
| 82.Hypothesis Testing | The theory, methods, and practice of testing a hypothesis by comparing it with the null hypothesis. | |
| 83.Id | A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives | |
| 84.Implicit Memory | Retention of independent of conscious recollection | |
| 85. Imprinting | the process by which certain animals for attachments during a critical period in very early life | |
| 86. Independent Variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated | |
| 88. infant- mother attachment | The attachment an infant has to his mother | |
| 89. instrumental behavior | learning in which a stimulus initially incapable of evoking a certain response becomes able to do so by repeated pairing with another stimulus that does evoke the response. | |
| 90. intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations | |
| 41. correlation | a measure of t extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other | |
| 42. correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things | |
| 44. cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another | |
| 45. declarative memory | a type of long term memory in which we store memories | |
| 46. defense mechanisms | the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality | |
| 47. deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraintoccuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity | |
| 48. dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulse toward the cell body | |
| 49.deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosones | |
| 50. dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | |
| 61. Electroencephalograph | The measurement and recording of voltage fluctuations along the scalp. |
Created by:
mrashcroft
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