Social Processes, Groups & Organizations and Crime & Deviance
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| altruistic suicide | the type of suicide that can occur when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces
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| anomic suicide | the type of suicide occurring when there are disintegrating forces in the society that make individuals feel lost or alone
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| Anomie | the condition existing when social regulations (norms) in a society break down
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| Bioterrorism | a form of terrorism involving the dispersion of chemical or biological substances intended to cause widespread disease and death
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| Crime | one form of deviance; specifically, behavior that violates criminal laws
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| Criminology | the study of crime from a scientific perspective
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| Cyberterrorism | the use of the computer to commit one or more terrorist acts
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| Deviance | behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms
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| deviant career | the sequence of movements people make through a particular system of deviance
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| deviant community | groups that are organized around particular forms of social deviance
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| deviant identity | the definition a person has of himself or herself as a deviant
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| differential association theory | theory that interprets deviance as behavior one learns through interaction with others
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| egoistic suicide | the type of suicide that occurs when people feel totally detached from society
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| elite deviance | the wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful individuals and organizations
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| hate crime | assaults and other malicious acts (including crimes against property) motivated by various forms of bias, including that based on race, religion, sexual-orientation, ethnic and national origin, or disability
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| index crimes | the FBI's tallying of violent crimes of murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, plus property crimes
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| labeling theory | a theory that interprets the responses of others as most significant in understanding deviant behavior
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| master status | some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person's identity
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| medicalization of deviance | explanations of deviant behavior that interpret deviance as the result of individual pathology or sickness
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| racial profiling | the use of race alone as the criterion for deciding whether to stop and detain someone on suspicion of their having committed a crime
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| social control | the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social exceptions
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| social control agents | those who regulate and administer the response to deviance, such as the police, or mental health workers
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| social control theory | theory that explains deviance as the result of the weakening of social bonds
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| Stigma | an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited
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| structural strain theory | a theory that interprets deviance as originating in the tensions that exist in society between cultural goals and the means people have to achieve those goals
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| Terrorism | the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or population in furtherance of political or social objectives
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| Groups & Organizations Glossary |
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| Aggregate | cluster of people who just happen to be similarly situated at the same time
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| Social Group | set of 2 or more people who interact and in a manner that is defined by some common purpose, a set of norms, and a structure of statuses and roles within the group.
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| Primary Group | small
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| Secondary group | involve a large
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| Dyad | smallest group possible; made of 2 people
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| Triad | group of 3 people
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| Instrumental leader | “task leader”; organizes a group to set & pursue goals;helps the group to define its job and determine the best way to do it
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| Expressive leader | “social emotional leader”; well liked and creates harmony, keeps morals high and minimizes conflicts & achieves solidarity among group members by offering emotional support
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| Group conformity | refers to individual’s compliance with group goals, even if the group’s goals conflict with our individual goals
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| Group think | occurs when group members begin to think similarity and conform to one another’s views
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| Group Polarization | closely related to group think; a group moves towards a stronger position or more extreme course of action than its members individually favor
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| Risky shift | groups making risky decisions due to “safety in numbers”
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| Reference group | group that one compares to when making self-evaluations; social groups that provide the standards in terms of which we evaluate ourselves
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| Organizations | large, impersonal, secondary groups or associations
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| Formal Organization | large scale group having a name, some official purpose/goals, and a structure of statuses and roles and sets of rules to promote these goals
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| Bureaucracy | hierarchical authority structure that operates under explicit rules & procedures; dominant type of formal organization in modern society; rationally designed organizational model whose goal is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible
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| Parkinson’s Law | states that in any bureaucratic organization, “work expands to fill the time available for it’s completion
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| Peter Principle | states “in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence
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| Iron Law of Oligarchy | no matter what organizations preach or how democratic organizations attempt to be ~ in reality, they are run by their leaders and not by ordinary members
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| Society and Social Interaction Glossary |
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| achieved status | a status attained by effort
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| ascribed status | a status determined at birth
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| collective consciousness | the body of beliefs that are common to a community or society and that give people a sense of belonging
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| cyberspace interaction | interaction occurring when two or more persons share a virtual reality experience via communication and interaction with each other
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| division of labor | the systematic interrelation of different tasks that develops in complex societies
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| ethnomethodology | a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy
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| gemeinschaft | German for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another; associated with rural life
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| gesellschaft | German for society, a form of social organization characterized by a high division of labor, less prominence of personal ties, the lack of a sense of community among the members, and the absence of a feeling of belonging; associated with urban life
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| group | a collection of individuals who interact and communicate, share goals and norms, and who have a subjective awareness as "we"
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| impression management | a process by which people control how others perceive them
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| inner-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by internal principles and morals
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| macroanalysis | analysis of the whole of society, how it is organized and how it changes
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| master status | some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person's identity
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| mechanical solidarity | unity based on similarity, not difference, of roles
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| microanalysis | analysis of the smallest, most immediately visible parts of social life, such as people interacting
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| organic (contractual) solidarity | unity based on role differentiation, not similarity
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| other-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by the behavior of others
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| paralinguistic communication | meaning in communication that is conveyed by pitch loudness, rhythm, emphasis, and frequency
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| preindustrial society | one that directly uses, modifies, and/or tills the land as a major means of survival
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| proxemic communication | meaning conveyed by the amount of space between interacting individuals
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| role | the expected behavior associated with a given status in society
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| role conflict | two or more roles associated with contradictory expectations
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| role modeling | limitation of the behavior of an admired other
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| role set | all roles occupied by a person at a given time
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| role strain | conflicting expectations within the same role
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| social institution | an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose
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| social interaction | behavior between two or more people that is given meaning
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| social organization | the order established in social groups
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| social structure | the patterns of social relationships and social institutions that comprise society
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| society | a system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization
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| status | an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige
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| status inconsistency | exists when the different statuses occupied by the individual bring with them significantly different amounts of prestige
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| status set | the complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time
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| tradition-directedness | conformity to longstanding and time-honored norms and practices
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| Socialization and the Life Force Glossary |
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| adult socialization | the process of learning new roles and expectations in adult life
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| age cohort | an aggregate group of people born during the same time period
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| age discrimination | different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age
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| age prejudice | a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group
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| age stereotype | preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like
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| age stratification | the hierarchical ranking of age groups in society
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| Ageism | the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination
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| anticipatory socialization | the process of learning the expectations associated with a role one expects to enter in the future
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| cohort (birth cohort) | see age cohort
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| disengagement theory | theory predicting that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simultaneously relieved of responsibilities
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| Ego | the part of the self representing reason and common sense
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| game stage | the stage in childhood when children become capable of taking a multitude of roles at the same time
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| generalized other | the abstract composite of social roles and social expectations
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| Id | the part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges, and human instincts
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| Identity | how one defines oneself
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| imitation stage | the stage in childhood when children copy the behavior of those around them
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| life course | the connection between people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical context of these events
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| looking glass self | the idea that people's conception of self arises through reflection about their relationship to others
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| object relations theory | a psychoanalytic theory of socialization positing that social relationships children experience early in life determine the development of their personality
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| Peers | those of similar status
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| play stage | the stage in childhood when children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment
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| psychoanalytic theory | a theory of socialization positing that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior
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| Resocialization | the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced
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| rite of passage | ceremony or ritual that symbolizes the passage of an individual from one role to another
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| Role | the expected behavior associated with a given status in society
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| significant others | those with whom we have a close affiliation
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| social control | the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social exceptions
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| social learning theory | a theory of socialization positing that the formation of identity is a learned response to social stimuli
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| Socialization | the process through which people learn the expectations of society
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| socialization agents | those who pass on social expectations
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| superego | the dimension of the self representing the standards of society
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| taking the role of the other | the process of imagining oneself from the point of another person and judging from the viewpoint of that person
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