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week2introSoci
Social Processes, Groups & Organizations and Crime & Deviance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| altruistic suicide | the type of suicide that can occur when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces |
| anomic suicide | the type of suicide occurring when there are disintegrating forces in the society that make individuals feel lost or alone |
| Anomie | the condition existing when social regulations (norms) in a society break down |
| Bioterrorism | a form of terrorism involving the dispersion of chemical or biological substances intended to cause widespread disease and death |
| Crime | one form of deviance; specifically, behavior that violates criminal laws |
| Criminology | the study of crime from a scientific perspective |
| Cyberterrorism | the use of the computer to commit one or more terrorist acts |
| Deviance | behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms |
| deviant career | the sequence of movements people make through a particular system of deviance |
| deviant community | groups that are organized around particular forms of social deviance |
| deviant identity | the definition a person has of himself or herself as a deviant |
| differential association theory | theory that interprets deviance as behavior one learns through interaction with others |
| egoistic suicide | the type of suicide that occurs when people feel totally detached from society |
| elite deviance | the wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful individuals and organizations |
| hate crime | assaults and other malicious acts (including crimes against property) motivated by various forms of bias, including that based on race, religion, sexual-orientation, ethnic and national origin, or disability |
| index crimes | the FBI's tallying of violent crimes of murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, plus property crimes |
| labeling theory | a theory that interprets the responses of others as most significant in understanding deviant behavior |
| master status | some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person's identity |
| medicalization of deviance | explanations of deviant behavior that interpret deviance as the result of individual pathology or sickness |
| racial profiling | the use of race alone as the criterion for deciding whether to stop and detain someone on suspicion of their having committed a crime |
| social control | the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social exceptions |
| social control agents | those who regulate and administer the response to deviance, such as the police, or mental health workers |
| social control theory | theory that explains deviance as the result of the weakening of social bonds |
| Stigma | an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited |
| structural strain theory | a theory that interprets deviance as originating in the tensions that exist in society between cultural goals and the means people have to achieve those goals |
| Terrorism | the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or population in furtherance of political or social objectives |
| Groups & Organizations Glossary | |
| Aggregate | cluster of people who just happen to be similarly situated at the same time |
| Social Group | set of 2 or more people who interact and in a manner that is defined by some common purpose, a set of norms, and a structure of statuses and roles within the group. |
| Primary Group | small |
| Secondary group | involve a large |
| Dyad | smallest group possible; made of 2 people |
| Triad | group of 3 people |
| Instrumental leader | “task leader”; organizes a group to set & pursue goals;helps the group to define its job and determine the best way to do it |
| Expressive leader | “social emotional leader”; well liked and creates harmony, keeps morals high and minimizes conflicts & achieves solidarity among group members by offering emotional support |
| Group conformity | refers to individual’s compliance with group goals, even if the group’s goals conflict with our individual goals |
| Group think | occurs when group members begin to think similarity and conform to one another’s views |
| Group Polarization | closely related to group think; a group moves towards a stronger position or more extreme course of action than its members individually favor |
| Risky shift | groups making risky decisions due to “safety in numbers” |
| Reference group | group that one compares to when making self-evaluations; social groups that provide the standards in terms of which we evaluate ourselves |
| Organizations | large, impersonal, secondary groups or associations |
| Formal Organization | large scale group having a name, some official purpose/goals, and a structure of statuses and roles and sets of rules to promote these goals |
| Bureaucracy | hierarchical authority structure that operates under explicit rules & procedures; dominant type of formal organization in modern society; rationally designed organizational model whose goal is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible |
| Parkinson’s Law | states that in any bureaucratic organization, “work expands to fill the time available for it’s completion |
| Peter Principle | states “in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | no matter what organizations preach or how democratic organizations attempt to be ~ in reality, they are run by their leaders and not by ordinary members |
| Society and Social Interaction Glossary | |
| achieved status | a status attained by effort |
| ascribed status | a status determined at birth |
| collective consciousness | the body of beliefs that are common to a community or society and that give people a sense of belonging |
| cyberspace interaction | interaction occurring when two or more persons share a virtual reality experience via communication and interaction with each other |
| division of labor | the systematic interrelation of different tasks that develops in complex societies |
| ethnomethodology | a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy |
| gemeinschaft | German for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another; associated with rural life |
| gesellschaft | German for society, a form of social organization characterized by a high division of labor, less prominence of personal ties, the lack of a sense of community among the members, and the absence of a feeling of belonging; associated with urban life |
| group | a collection of individuals who interact and communicate, share goals and norms, and who have a subjective awareness as "we" |
| impression management | a process by which people control how others perceive them |
| inner-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by internal principles and morals |
| macroanalysis | analysis of the whole of society, how it is organized and how it changes |
| master status | some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person's identity |
| mechanical solidarity | unity based on similarity, not difference, of roles |
| microanalysis | analysis of the smallest, most immediately visible parts of social life, such as people interacting |
| organic (contractual) solidarity | unity based on role differentiation, not similarity |
| other-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by the behavior of others |
| paralinguistic communication | meaning in communication that is conveyed by pitch loudness, rhythm, emphasis, and frequency |
| preindustrial society | one that directly uses, modifies, and/or tills the land as a major means of survival |
| proxemic communication | meaning conveyed by the amount of space between interacting individuals |
| role | the expected behavior associated with a given status in society |
| role conflict | two or more roles associated with contradictory expectations |
| role modeling | limitation of the behavior of an admired other |
| role set | all roles occupied by a person at a given time |
| role strain | conflicting expectations within the same role |
| social institution | an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose |
| social interaction | behavior between two or more people that is given meaning |
| social organization | the order established in social groups |
| social structure | the patterns of social relationships and social institutions that comprise society |
| society | a system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization |
| status | an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige |
| status inconsistency | exists when the different statuses occupied by the individual bring with them significantly different amounts of prestige |
| status set | the complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time |
| tradition-directedness | conformity to longstanding and time-honored norms and practices |
| Socialization and the Life Force Glossary | |
| adult socialization | the process of learning new roles and expectations in adult life |
| age cohort | an aggregate group of people born during the same time period |
| age discrimination | different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age |
| age prejudice | a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group |
| age stereotype | preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like |
| age stratification | the hierarchical ranking of age groups in society |
| Ageism | the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination |
| anticipatory socialization | the process of learning the expectations associated with a role one expects to enter in the future |
| cohort (birth cohort) | see age cohort |
| disengagement theory | theory predicting that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simultaneously relieved of responsibilities |
| Ego | the part of the self representing reason and common sense |
| game stage | the stage in childhood when children become capable of taking a multitude of roles at the same time |
| generalized other | the abstract composite of social roles and social expectations |
| Id | the part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges, and human instincts |
| Identity | how one defines oneself |
| imitation stage | the stage in childhood when children copy the behavior of those around them |
| life course | the connection between people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical context of these events |
| looking glass self | the idea that people's conception of self arises through reflection about their relationship to others |
| object relations theory | a psychoanalytic theory of socialization positing that social relationships children experience early in life determine the development of their personality |
| Peers | those of similar status |
| play stage | the stage in childhood when children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment |
| psychoanalytic theory | a theory of socialization positing that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior |
| Resocialization | the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced |
| rite of passage | ceremony or ritual that symbolizes the passage of an individual from one role to another |
| Role | the expected behavior associated with a given status in society |
| significant others | those with whom we have a close affiliation |
| social control | the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social exceptions |
| social learning theory | a theory of socialization positing that the formation of identity is a learned response to social stimuli |
| Socialization | the process through which people learn the expectations of society |
| socialization agents | those who pass on social expectations |
| superego | the dimension of the self representing the standards of society |
| taking the role of the other | the process of imagining oneself from the point of another person and judging from the viewpoint of that person |
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