Concepts, Research, and Theories of LDP
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| Continuity | continual progression from beginning of life to the end
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| Discontinuity | growth as occurring in identifiable stages each with distinct problems & characteristics
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| Independent variable | variable can be changed “independently” of other factors; “cause”
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| Dependent variable | this variable “depends” on what happens to subjects in the experiment; “effect”
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| Longitudinal | studying the same individuals over a “long” period of time
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| Cross Sectional | comparison of people at various ages
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| Cross Sequential | combination of longitudinal and cross sectional designs; starts with a cross sectional studies of individuals with different ages then after some time, the same individuals are tested again
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| Correlation | a mathematical statistic that indicates whether 2 variables are related to each other
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| Positive correlation | one variable changes in the same direction as another variable changes
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| Negative correlation | when 2 variables are inversely related; when one goes up the other goes down
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| Causation | when change in one variable causes a change in another
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| Cohort effect | changes due to a subject’s time of birth or generation but not actually to “age”
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | interprets human behavior and development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives, many of which are unconscious
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| Reinforcement | a term used in operant conditioning to explain anything that “increases” a behavior
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| Punishment | a term used in operant conditioning to explain anything that “decreases” a behavior
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| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) | range of skills that can be used without assistance versus what can be obtained with help
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