Grade 11 Biology Evolution Chapter 7, 8, 9
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Adaptation | a structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment
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Adaptive radiation | the diversification of a common ancestral species into a variety of differently adapted species
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Allopatric speciation | speciation in which a population is split into two or more isolated groups by a geographical barrier; also called geographical speciation
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Analogous structure | structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions
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Artificial selection | selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify particular desirable traits
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Biogeography | the study of the past and present geographical distribution of species populations
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Biotechnology | the use of technology and organisms to produce useful products
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Bottleneck effect | changes in gene distribution that result from a rapid decrease in population size
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Catastrophism | the idea that catastrophes such as floods, diseases, and droughts periodically destroyed species living in a particular region, allowing species from neighbouring regions to repopulate the area
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Convergent evolution | a pattern of evolution in which similar traits arise because different species have independently adapted to similar environmental conditions
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Descent with modification | Darwin’s theory that natural selection does not demonstrate progress, but merely results from a species’ ability to survive local conditions at a specific time
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Directional selection | natural selection that favours the phenotypes at one extreme over another, resulting in the distribution curve of phenotypes shifting in the direction of that extreme
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Disruptive (diversifying) selection | natural selection that favours the extremes of a range of phenotypes rather than intermediate phenotypes; this type of selection can result in the elimination of intermediate phenotypes
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Divergent evolution | a pattern of evolution in which species that were once similar to an ancestral species diverge, or become increasingly distinct
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Ecological niche | the ecological role and physical distribution of a species in its environment
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Embryology | the study of early, pre-birth stages of an organism’s development
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Evolution | the process of genetic change in a population over time
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Extinct | describes a species that has completely disappeared from Earth
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Fitness | the ability of an organism to produce viable offspring capable of surviving to the next generation
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Fossil record | the remains and traces of past life that are found in sedimentary rock; it reveals the history of life on Earth and the kinds of organisms that were alive in the past
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Founder effect | a change in a gene pool that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population
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Gene Flow | the net movement of alleles from one population to another due to the migration of individuals
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Genetic Drift | the change in frequencies of alleles due to chance events in a breeding population
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Gradualism | a model of evolution that views evolutionary change as slow and steady, before and after a divergence
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Homologous structure | structures that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics | the idea that characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be passed on to its offspring
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Mimicry | a structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure
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Monoculture | the agricultural practice of planting large expanses of uniform varieties of the same species.
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Mutation | a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism; the only source of new genetic variation
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Natural selection | the process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with heritable traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring
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Non-random mating | mating among individuals on the basis of mate selection for a particular phenotype or due to inbreeding
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Paleontology | the study of ancient life through the examination of fossils
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Post-zygotic isolating mechanism | a barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes from developing into viable, fertile individuals; also called post-fertilization barrier
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Pre-zygotic isolating mechanism | a barrier that either impedes mating between species or prevents fertilization of the eggs if individuals from different species attempt to mate; also called pre-fertilization barrier
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Punctuated equilibrium | a model of evolution that views evolutionary history as long periods of stasis, or equilibrium, that are interrupted by periods of divergence
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Selective advantage | a genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chance of survival, usually in a changing environment
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Selective pressure | environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics
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Sexual selection | natural selection for mating based, in general, on competition between males and choices made by females
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Speciation | the formation of new species from existing species
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Stabilizing selection | natural selection that favours intermediate phenotypes and acts against extreme variants
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Survival of the fittest | the idea that the organisms that are the fittest leave the most offspring, so those organisms win the struggle for survival; phrase coined by John Spencer
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Sympatric speciation | speciation in which populations within the same geographical areas diverge and become reproductively isolated
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Theory | in science a theory is a set of principles that explain and predict phenomena. All theories in science are based on an immense amount of observed evidence
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Theory of evolution by natural selection | a theory explaining how life has changed, and continues to change, during Earth’s history
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Transitional fossil | a fossil that shows intermediary links between groups of organisms and shares characteristics common to two now separate groups
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Uniformitarianism | Charles Lyell’s theory (based on Hutton’s theory) that geological processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today
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Variation | differences between individuals, which may be structural, functional, or physiological
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Vestigial structure | a structure that is a reduced version of a structure that was functional in the organism’s ancestors
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