immunity
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| high molecular wt. proteins, capable of stimulating an immune response | antigen
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| into of antigen, secreted by plasma cells | antibody
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| what cells have the capacity to distinguish self, from non-self | immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes.
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| part of the antigen, low molecular wt., | hapten
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| too small to cause a stimulus reaction, must combine with other molecules to form antigenic substance | hapten
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| larger molecule carrying the hapten are called? | carriers
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| what characterizes "memory" in a antibody reaction? | 1. prior exposure to antigen
2. development of specific immunocompetent cells.
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| antibody reacting to only one antigen | specificity
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| antigen and T or B lymphocyte have ______ _______ to recognize the other specifically. | surface receptors
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| specific immunoglobins recognize specific ________ | antigens
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| immunity is formed as a result of two things | 1. specificity
2. memory response
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| the ability to recognize foreign antigens from host cells and products | self recognition
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| state of prevention and recognition of antigens by the lymphocytes | tolerance
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| active suppression of immune system by suppressor T cells | tolerance
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| Self-tolerance or the recognition of self-proteins is gained during which period | fetal development
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| Histocompatibility Antigens (HLA Antigens), major histocompatibility complex (MCH), human leukocyte antigens found on surfaces of all cells except | RBC
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| HLAidentify and are important in | foreign tissue and graft reactions
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| how many HLA loci are ther | 6, chromosome 6
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| each individual has one ______ located on each chromosome | haplotype
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| Each parent passes on HLA haplotype to child; siblings share one haplotype with ____ siblings, two haplotypes with ____ | 50%, 25%
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| HLA complex is important in determining two things | 1.graft
2. transplant reactions.
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| what immunity relates to native or natural resistance relates to species specificity to antigens (animals different than humans) | Natural Immunity
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| what immunity results from immune response after birth. Active acquired immunity produced by host after natural exposure to antigen or immunization. | Acquired Immunity
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| what immunity means that preformed antibodies have been transferred to recipient (see IgG, think maternal antibodies to fetus, immune serum), not made. | Passive immunity
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| Act as filters | Lymph nodes
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| lymph nodes contain both a | cortex (outer portion) and a medulla (inner portion)
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| Lymphocytes are formed in the _______ of the thymus-dependent zone consisting mostly of _________ | cortical area, T-lymphocytes
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| what is located in the mediastinal area | Thymus.
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| what processes lymphocytes and, during early years, produces them. | thymus
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| what controls the production of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes | Thymus
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| what is known to enhance T cell immunity | Thymosin
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| A large mass of lymph and reticuloendothelial cells is known as the _____ | Spleen
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| within the spleen, red pulp acts as a reservoir for both _____ and _______ | blood and red blood cells.
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| White pulp is composed of ___ and _____ that function in immune processes. | lymphocytes and macrophages
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| tonsils are made up of | lymphoid tissue (palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal)
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| what are lymphoid tissue in the intestine and appendix called? | Peyer’s patches
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| Lymphocytes are large, rough, spherical, deep-staining nuclei and have relatively little _____ | cytoplasm
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| what is responsible for humoral - or immunoglobulin-mediated immunity (Ig). | B-lymphocytes
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| B-cells originated where? | human bursal equivalent (probably bone marrow)
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| B cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating into both ____ and ____ when exposed to antigen. | plasma cells and memory cells
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| what explains how B-cells learn recognition of antigen. | Clonal selection
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| what secrete large amounts of specific immunoglobulin | Plasma cells
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| what begins at 8 wks gestation and continues throughout life. | Generation of clonal diversity
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| Clonal selection theory states that large number of ______ with _______ are generated during fetal life, | B cells with plasma membrane receptors
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| each ___ cell responds to only one antigen | B cell
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| what are secreted by plasma cells | Immunoglobulins
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| another name for antibody | immunoglobulin (Ig)
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| The immunoglobulin molecule is arranged in how many peptide chains | 4
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| Ig contain how many light and heavy chains | 2 light and 2 heavy
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| Antigen binding fragments (FAB-two identical top fragments) include two components: | 1.) recognition sites for antigenic determination
2.) specificity.
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| Crystalline fragment (Fc) is responsible for biological action of 3 areas: | agglutination, precipitation and neutralization
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| Fc also interact with | inflammation, clotting and maternal antibodies in fetus.
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| Chief functions of antibodies also have 3 respectabilities: | (1) neutralize bacteria and viruses, (2) opsonize (mark) bacteria,
(3) activate inflammatory process.
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| what is the largest Ig molecule | IgM (10%)
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| first Ig molecule produced during immune response and infection | IgM (10%)
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| which cells of placenta do not have Fc receptors for IgM, | Trophoblast cells
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| which cells can't cross placenta? | Trophoblast cells
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| TORCH testing detects what Ig | IgM (10%)
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| what antibody is most commonly found in circulating fluids and tissues. | IgG (80-85%)
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| which Ig is able to cross the placenta barrier? | IgG (80-85%)
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| which Ig creates passive immunity - also found in breast milk? | IgG (80-85%)
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| which Ig assumes the major burden of neutralizing bacteria and increasing phagocytosis | IgG (80-85%)
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| which Ig is a secretory antibody, present in external body secretions, saliva, sweat, tears, mucous, bile, and colostrum. | IgA (15%)
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| what protects exposed surfaces against pathogens in the lumen. | IgA (15%)
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| what Ig appears to be present with IgM and may assist in recognition of specific antigens or as a receptor that binds the antigens to the cell surface. | IgD
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| which Ig is reaginic antibody involved in hypersensitivity reactions | IgE (0.004%)
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| which Ig is concentrated in serum and bound to mast cells. | IgE (0.004%)
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| which Ig, when in contact with the antigen, triggers signs associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. | IgE (0.004%)
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| are most immune responses polyclonal or momoclonal? , | polyclonal
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| antigen stimulates a variety of B-lymphocytes to proliferate - this is known as what? | polyclonal response
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| which type of antibodies act against specific antigen | Monoclonal
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| which response produces a single clone of B-cells — typically used in treatment of CA and early detection of viral infections. | momoclonal
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| Antibodies in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, breast milk, protect against antigens that have not penetrated epithelium. this is considered what line of defense | first line of defense.
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| defense that is local and external | first line of defense
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| breast feeding antibodies, polio vaccination, oral vaccinations are known as what type of defense? | first line of defense
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| Secretory response occurs locally and externally - in secretions, known as | first line of defense
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| systemic response which occurs | systemically and internally (in blood and tissues)
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| Seventy to eighty percent of blood lymphocytes mature under the influence of | thymus
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| how are T-cells different from B-cells? | They develop distinctive receptors on their surface
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| what structure do the T-cells migrate from | thymus
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| where do T-cells reside? | thymus-dependent zones within the lymph nodes.
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| Maturation of T cells requires what? | thymic hormones.
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| what lymphocyte has the ability to recognize products of genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? | mature T-lymphocytes
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| Minimal reaction to self-MHC proteins is acquired or developed? | acquired
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| high reaction to non-self or foreign proteins is developed or acquired? | developed
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| what cells are a major defender against infected host cells or non-self cell such as transplanted tissue. | T cells
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| what kind of immune response do T-cells have | cell mediated
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| which cells attack some antigens directly | Cytotoxic T (Tc)
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| which cells stimulate B-cells to differentiate into antibody producers. | Helper T (Th) cells.
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| helper T cells work directly with what other cells? | b-cells to stimulate and mature -- producing plasma cells -- and eventaully --> Ig
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| plasma cells produce | Ig and memory cells
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| which cells reduce the humoral response. | Suppressor T (Ts) cells.
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| The production of Ig can be either reduced or totally abolished in the presence of what cells | suppressor T cells
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| suppressor T cells can control Ig by regulating the production of which cells | B cells
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| suppressor T cells can inhibiting the activity of what cells | helper T cells
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| which cells are partially dedicated to T cell line. | NK (natural killer) cell.
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| which cells do not bind with antigens, but can recognize changes on target cells, bind to them, kill infected or malignant cells. | NK (natural killer) cell.
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| lymphokine/cytokines are produced by which cells? | T-cells
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| what activates macrophages. | T-cells
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| interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are part of which group of "signaling" cells? | Lymphokines, - "signaling cells"
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| which substances establish a chemical gradient, drawing leukocytes, macrophages and other substances into the area. | interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
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| what transfers delayed hypersensitivity (Td) | interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
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| blood monocytes in tissues that act as phagocytes | Macrophages
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| what removes foreign and devitalized material from the body | Macrophages
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| what are better suited to long term defense against infectious agents - neutrophils or macraphages? | Macraphages
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| in what type of environment can macraphages survive and divide? | the acidic inflammatory site
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| Neither T nor B cells nor macrophages. | Null cells
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| these cells are not phagocytic but resemble small or medium lymphocytes. | Null cells
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| After about how many days can Ig specific to the antigen can be measured? usually which Ig? | 6 days, IgM
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| Following initial IgM elevation in a primary response, which Ig appears at the tenth day? peaks after how much time? | IgG, several weeks and remains much longer
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| On reintroduction (challenge) of the antigen in the second response, Ig production begins ____? | almost immediately
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| during second response immunity, which Ig is produced immediately with higher titers against the antigen? | IgG
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| responding to a second exposure, the system is able to act much faster- known as _____? | memory response
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| what system is composed of 18 or more serum proteins or enzymes that participate with B-lymphocytes in humorally-mediated immune responses? | Complement system
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| Components of the complement system are normally present in blood as what? | inactive precursor molecules
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| The complement system promotes greater ______ | inflammation
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| inflammation is increased in the complement system by 3 principles: | 1. increasing cellular permeability
2. chemotaxis
3. phagocytosis
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| Results of the complement cascade tend to cause _______ normal tissue around the foreign tissue, and sometimes the host is affected ____. | some damage, negatively
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| what is implicated in some autoimmune reactions | The complement cascade system
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| Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is due to T-lymphocyte activity and involves direct contact between the _____and the _____? | antigen, T-lymphocyte
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| Destruction of the antigen involves the release of soluble chemical compounds directly into the target cell membrane or though secretion of what? | lymphokines
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| Simple proteins usually evoke what type of immunity? | humoral immunity
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| complex proteins evoke what type of immunity? | cell-mediated immunity
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| what type of immune function resides in the lymphocytes themselves | cell-mediated immunity
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| what type of immunity cannot be transmitted passively by serum? | CMI
think TB
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| what type of immunity can be transmitted passively by serum? | humoral immunity
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| what is it called when the T cells function to detect cells in the host that have foreign antigens on their surface? | immunosurveillance
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| T cells that can be thought of as defensive cells that patrol blood and tissue spaces are called | immunosurveillance cells
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| which cells provide immunologic surveillance against malignant tumors. | T-lymphocytes (NK cells)
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