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CC Im
immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| high molecular wt. proteins, capable of stimulating an immune response | antigen |
| into of antigen, secreted by plasma cells | antibody |
| what cells have the capacity to distinguish self, from non-self | immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes. |
| part of the antigen, low molecular wt., | hapten |
| too small to cause a stimulus reaction, must combine with other molecules to form antigenic substance | hapten |
| larger molecule carrying the hapten are called? | carriers |
| what characterizes "memory" in a antibody reaction? | 1. prior exposure to antigen 2. development of specific immunocompetent cells. |
| antibody reacting to only one antigen | specificity |
| antigen and T or B lymphocyte have ______ _______ to recognize the other specifically. | surface receptors |
| specific immunoglobins recognize specific ________ | antigens |
| immunity is formed as a result of two things | 1. specificity 2. memory response |
| the ability to recognize foreign antigens from host cells and products | self recognition |
| state of prevention and recognition of antigens by the lymphocytes | tolerance |
| active suppression of immune system by suppressor T cells | tolerance |
| Self-tolerance or the recognition of self-proteins is gained during which period | fetal development |
| Histocompatibility Antigens (HLA Antigens), major histocompatibility complex (MCH), human leukocyte antigens found on surfaces of all cells except | RBC |
| HLAidentify and are important in | foreign tissue and graft reactions |
| how many HLA loci are ther | 6, chromosome 6 |
| each individual has one ______ located on each chromosome | haplotype |
| Each parent passes on HLA haplotype to child; siblings share one haplotype with ____ siblings, two haplotypes with ____ | 50%, 25% |
| HLA complex is important in determining two things | 1.graft 2. transplant reactions. |
| what immunity relates to native or natural resistance relates to species specificity to antigens (animals different than humans) | Natural Immunity |
| what immunity results from immune response after birth. Active acquired immunity produced by host after natural exposure to antigen or immunization. | Acquired Immunity |
| what immunity means that preformed antibodies have been transferred to recipient (see IgG, think maternal antibodies to fetus, immune serum), not made. | Passive immunity |
| Act as filters | Lymph nodes |
| lymph nodes contain both a | cortex (outer portion) and a medulla (inner portion) |
| Lymphocytes are formed in the _______ of the thymus-dependent zone consisting mostly of _________ | cortical area, T-lymphocytes |
| what is located in the mediastinal area | Thymus. |
| what processes lymphocytes and, during early years, produces them. | thymus |
| what controls the production of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes | Thymus |
| what is known to enhance T cell immunity | Thymosin |
| A large mass of lymph and reticuloendothelial cells is known as the _____ | Spleen |
| within the spleen, red pulp acts as a reservoir for both _____ and _______ | blood and red blood cells. |
| White pulp is composed of ___ and _____ that function in immune processes. | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| tonsils are made up of | lymphoid tissue (palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal) |
| what are lymphoid tissue in the intestine and appendix called? | Peyer’s patches |
| Lymphocytes are large, rough, spherical, deep-staining nuclei and have relatively little _____ | cytoplasm |
| what is responsible for humoral - or immunoglobulin-mediated immunity (Ig). | B-lymphocytes |
| B-cells originated where? | human bursal equivalent (probably bone marrow) |
| B cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating into both ____ and ____ when exposed to antigen. | plasma cells and memory cells |
| what explains how B-cells learn recognition of antigen. | Clonal selection |
| what secrete large amounts of specific immunoglobulin | Plasma cells |
| what begins at 8 wks gestation and continues throughout life. | Generation of clonal diversity |
| Clonal selection theory states that large number of ______ with _______ are generated during fetal life, | B cells with plasma membrane receptors |
| each ___ cell responds to only one antigen | B cell |
| what are secreted by plasma cells | Immunoglobulins |
| another name for antibody | immunoglobulin (Ig) |
| The immunoglobulin molecule is arranged in how many peptide chains | 4 |
| Ig contain how many light and heavy chains | 2 light and 2 heavy |
| Antigen binding fragments (FAB-two identical top fragments) include two components: | 1.) recognition sites for antigenic determination 2.) specificity. |
| Crystalline fragment (Fc) is responsible for biological action of 3 areas: | agglutination, precipitation and neutralization |
| Fc also interact with | inflammation, clotting and maternal antibodies in fetus. |
| Chief functions of antibodies also have 3 respectabilities: | (1) neutralize bacteria and viruses, (2) opsonize (mark) bacteria, (3) activate inflammatory process. |
| what is the largest Ig molecule | IgM (10%) |
| first Ig molecule produced during immune response and infection | IgM (10%) |
| which cells of placenta do not have Fc receptors for IgM, | Trophoblast cells |
| which cells can't cross placenta? | Trophoblast cells |
| TORCH testing detects what Ig | IgM (10%) |
| what antibody is most commonly found in circulating fluids and tissues. | IgG (80-85%) |
| which Ig is able to cross the placenta barrier? | IgG (80-85%) |
| which Ig creates passive immunity - also found in breast milk? | IgG (80-85%) |
| which Ig assumes the major burden of neutralizing bacteria and increasing phagocytosis | IgG (80-85%) |
| which Ig is a secretory antibody, present in external body secretions, saliva, sweat, tears, mucous, bile, and colostrum. | IgA (15%) |
| what protects exposed surfaces against pathogens in the lumen. | IgA (15%) |
| what Ig appears to be present with IgM and may assist in recognition of specific antigens or as a receptor that binds the antigens to the cell surface. | IgD |
| which Ig is reaginic antibody involved in hypersensitivity reactions | IgE (0.004%) |
| which Ig is concentrated in serum and bound to mast cells. | IgE (0.004%) |
| which Ig, when in contact with the antigen, triggers signs associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. | IgE (0.004%) |
| are most immune responses polyclonal or momoclonal? , | polyclonal |
| antigen stimulates a variety of B-lymphocytes to proliferate - this is known as what? | polyclonal response |
| which type of antibodies act against specific antigen | Monoclonal |
| which response produces a single clone of B-cells — typically used in treatment of CA and early detection of viral infections. | momoclonal |
| Antibodies in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, breast milk, protect against antigens that have not penetrated epithelium. this is considered what line of defense | first line of defense. |
| defense that is local and external | first line of defense |
| breast feeding antibodies, polio vaccination, oral vaccinations are known as what type of defense? | first line of defense |
| Secretory response occurs locally and externally - in secretions, known as | first line of defense |
| systemic response which occurs | systemically and internally (in blood and tissues) |
| Seventy to eighty percent of blood lymphocytes mature under the influence of | thymus |
| how are T-cells different from B-cells? | They develop distinctive receptors on their surface |
| what structure do the T-cells migrate from | thymus |
| where do T-cells reside? | thymus-dependent zones within the lymph nodes. |
| Maturation of T cells requires what? | thymic hormones. |
| what lymphocyte has the ability to recognize products of genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? | mature T-lymphocytes |
| Minimal reaction to self-MHC proteins is acquired or developed? | acquired |
| high reaction to non-self or foreign proteins is developed or acquired? | developed |
| what cells are a major defender against infected host cells or non-self cell such as transplanted tissue. | T cells |
| what kind of immune response do T-cells have | cell mediated |
| which cells attack some antigens directly | Cytotoxic T (Tc) |
| which cells stimulate B-cells to differentiate into antibody producers. | Helper T (Th) cells. |
| helper T cells work directly with what other cells? | b-cells to stimulate and mature -- producing plasma cells -- and eventaully --> Ig |
| plasma cells produce | Ig and memory cells |
| which cells reduce the humoral response. | Suppressor T (Ts) cells. |
| The production of Ig can be either reduced or totally abolished in the presence of what cells | suppressor T cells |
| suppressor T cells can control Ig by regulating the production of which cells | B cells |
| suppressor T cells can inhibiting the activity of what cells | helper T cells |
| which cells are partially dedicated to T cell line. | NK (natural killer) cell. |
| which cells do not bind with antigens, but can recognize changes on target cells, bind to them, kill infected or malignant cells. | NK (natural killer) cell. |
| lymphokine/cytokines are produced by which cells? | T-cells |
| what activates macrophages. | T-cells |
| interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are part of which group of "signaling" cells? | Lymphokines, - "signaling cells" |
| which substances establish a chemical gradient, drawing leukocytes, macrophages and other substances into the area. | interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
| what transfers delayed hypersensitivity (Td) | interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
| blood monocytes in tissues that act as phagocytes | Macrophages |
| what removes foreign and devitalized material from the body | Macrophages |
| what are better suited to long term defense against infectious agents - neutrophils or macraphages? | Macraphages |
| in what type of environment can macraphages survive and divide? | the acidic inflammatory site |
| Neither T nor B cells nor macrophages. | Null cells |
| these cells are not phagocytic but resemble small or medium lymphocytes. | Null cells |
| After about how many days can Ig specific to the antigen can be measured? usually which Ig? | 6 days, IgM |
| Following initial IgM elevation in a primary response, which Ig appears at the tenth day? peaks after how much time? | IgG, several weeks and remains much longer |
| On reintroduction (challenge) of the antigen in the second response, Ig production begins ____? | almost immediately |
| during second response immunity, which Ig is produced immediately with higher titers against the antigen? | IgG |
| responding to a second exposure, the system is able to act much faster- known as _____? | memory response |
| what system is composed of 18 or more serum proteins or enzymes that participate with B-lymphocytes in humorally-mediated immune responses? | Complement system |
| Components of the complement system are normally present in blood as what? | inactive precursor molecules |
| The complement system promotes greater ______ | inflammation |
| inflammation is increased in the complement system by 3 principles: | 1. increasing cellular permeability 2. chemotaxis 3. phagocytosis |
| Results of the complement cascade tend to cause _______ normal tissue around the foreign tissue, and sometimes the host is affected ____. | some damage, negatively |
| what is implicated in some autoimmune reactions | The complement cascade system |
| Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is due to T-lymphocyte activity and involves direct contact between the _____and the _____? | antigen, T-lymphocyte |
| Destruction of the antigen involves the release of soluble chemical compounds directly into the target cell membrane or though secretion of what? | lymphokines |
| Simple proteins usually evoke what type of immunity? | humoral immunity |
| complex proteins evoke what type of immunity? | cell-mediated immunity |
| what type of immune function resides in the lymphocytes themselves | cell-mediated immunity |
| what type of immunity cannot be transmitted passively by serum? | CMI think TB |
| what type of immunity can be transmitted passively by serum? | humoral immunity |
| what is it called when the T cells function to detect cells in the host that have foreign antigens on their surface? | immunosurveillance |
| T cells that can be thought of as defensive cells that patrol blood and tissue spaces are called | immunosurveillance cells |
| which cells provide immunologic surveillance against malignant tumors. | T-lymphocytes (NK cells) |
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nurd-sing
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