test 3
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| fungi are heterotrophs | obtain nutrients by absorption (digest then ingest)
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| saprophytic fungi | secret enzymes to break down dead organic matter for recycling (carbon, nitrogen, essential minerals)
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| parasitic fungi | obtain nutrients from living hosts most cases causing harm to host in process
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| fungi cell walls are made of mostly what carbohydrate | chitin (also found in exoskeleton of insects)
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| what is the storage carbohydrate of fungi | glycogen (also storage for animal found in muscle and liver cells (startch for plants)
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| fungi can reproduce ______ and _____ | sexually and asexually
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| how is fungi sexual lifecycle diff. from all other eukaryotic organisms | the zygote is the only diploid cell, when two mating types fuse the nuclei do not actually fuse but coexist until right conditions
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| after right conditions fusion results in | diploid zygote that immediately undergoes meiosis to return to haploid state
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| what stage is the coexistence of two different mating types of nuclei | dikaryotic (unique to fungi)
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| what kingdom is the fungi more closely related to | animalia probably diverged from common ancestor some 0.6 million years ago
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| almost all plant roots exist symbiotically with | fungi
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| ____ fungi have mutualistically beneficial relationship with hos | symbionts
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| fungi kingdom characteristics | non-vascular organisms, eukaryotic, reproduce by spores, sexual (meiotic) and asexual (mitotic), typically not motile although a few (phytrids) have motile phase, alternation of generations
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| _____ _____ can withstand desiccation, they are killed by heat | fungi spores
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| ____ spores often require a period of dormancy after they are formed, but ____ spores usually germinate and produce new hyphae whenever and wherever moisture is available | sexual, asexual
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| Asexual spores are produced in special hyphae called ____ in the zygomycetes | sporangia
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| Asexual spores are produced in ______ in the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes | conidia
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| fungal spores form ___ directly with no immature or embryonic stage between spore and adult | hyphae
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| Among fungi, there are no female and male individuals, and no eggs and sperm. Physiological differences among the ___ do exist, however, and result in ___ mating types, only compatible strains fuse | hyphae, different
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| In the zygomycetes the strains are designated simply as (+) and (−). Haploid ( n) gametes are produced by mitotic division from haploid ( n) parent nuclei in specialized hyphae called | gametangia
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| In the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, sexual reproduction starts with hyphae from two mating strains fusing, but the nuclei remain independent within the merged cytoplasm | plasmogamy
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| In genetic shorthand ___ cells are n + n rather than the 2 n of diploid cells | dikaryotic
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| the nuclei combine, mixing the DNA from the two separate mating types | karyogamy
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| the union of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote | syngamy
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| In most fungi, karyogamy is followed almost immediately by a __ ___ ___ that restores the haploid chromosome number to the resultant spores and the new hyphae that are produced when the spores germinate. | reduction division (meiosis)
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| budding, fission, fragmentation, and sporulation are | types of asexual reproduction
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| reproduction is dominant where haploid sporangiospores and conidiospores are created. | Asexual spore
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| Sexual fungal zygotes are only created when the fungi is under | stressful conditions
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