ch. 13 data collection
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| data collection | the gathering of info that can be observed, measured, and reported to address a research problem
*includes demographic data-- age, race, gender, education, income, marital status, employment, and other defining characteristics
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| where is the data collection most frequently found in a report? | the method section
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| data collection in a study | -determine which method to use and which data to collect (depends upon nature of the problem, availability of Ss, setting, time, and cost of collecting and recording)
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| data collection methods | -self report (quantitative and qualitative)
-observation (quantitative and qualitative)
-biophysical measures (quantitative)
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| self report method | data collected by asking Ss questions (orally or in a written format) concerning beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, traits, or knowledge
*susceptible to errors of social desirability
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| quantitative self report | -use of a structured instrument (interview or written questionnaire) in a numerical format using closed ended or open ended questions
*ex: satisfaction with care, smoking cessation strategies attempted, degree of cardiac disability..
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| qualitative self report | -use of unstructured or semi structured interview in a narrative format using open ended questions (what the experience entails, what is relevant, what cognitive processes involved)
*ex: adjustment of AD caregivers, coping of pending organ recipients..
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| open ended questions | -different options for responses
-Ss control response
-easy to construct
-specialized more time to answer (in depth responses)
-difficult to analyze
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| closed ended questions | -same options for responses
-Ss forced to choose response
-difficult to construct
-standardized
-less time to answer (superficial responses)
-easy to analyze
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| types of closed ended questions | 1. dichotomous (yes-no, true-false)
2. multiple choice (4>3 or 5 options)
3. rank order (most to least, first to last)
4. rating questions (0-10 scale)
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| how to increase rate of questionnaire return **mean return rate: 30-60% (>60% excellent) | -include cover letter, stamped addressed envelope
-provide clear instructions
-use brief, easy to complete questionnaire
-reiterate anonymity of responses
-mail reminder in several wks
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| other structured questionnaires | -scales
-vignettes
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| scales | -opinions regarding the strength or intensity of an attribute that correspond to a score on a continuum using positive and negative statements as end points (Likert scale)
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| vignettes | -reactions to descriptions of hypothetical situations
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| observation method | -data collected by observing Ss behaviors or events (primarily objective data)
-susceptible to ethical restrictions, faulty inferences, researcher bias (d/t emotions, prejudices, values)
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| quantitative observation | -use structured observation via a checklist or rating scale for classifying observed behaviors or events (presence, frequency, severity)
-researchers,not Ss, record or rate behaviors or events of interest
ex:level of consciousness w/ glasgow coma scal
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| qualitative observation *ex: development of breast cancer support group | -use unstructured observation via log or field notes to extract meaning from observed behaviors or events
-researcher may assume a participant observer role to determine who, what, when, where, why, and how of an issue
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| biophysical measure *objective data | -data collected via assessment of measures concerning biophysical processes
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| biophysical measures continued | accuracy of biophysical information, extent to which biophysical measures are within "normal" range, efficacy of interventions, how health care affects health outcomes etc)
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| biophysical measures | -specialized instruments and training may be required
-acquisition of data may have potential to harm body
-lengthy informed consent form may be required
-data not easily distorted, thus most accurate and precise data collection method
-variable c
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| objective data: signs | -TPR, BP, O2 sat
-height, weight, BMI
-edema, LNs, EOMs
-pupil size, wd. depth
-seizure type, strength
-CMP, CBC, lipid level
-ABG, C+S, EKG, CT
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| subjective data: symptoms | -depression
-pain, headache
-dizziness
-nausea, fatigue
-dysuria, tinnitus
-heartburn
-blurred vision
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