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research test 3
ch. 13 data collection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| data collection | the gathering of info that can be observed, measured, and reported to address a research problem *includes demographic data-- age, race, gender, education, income, marital status, employment, and other defining characteristics |
| where is the data collection most frequently found in a report? | the method section |
| data collection in a study | -determine which method to use and which data to collect (depends upon nature of the problem, availability of Ss, setting, time, and cost of collecting and recording) |
| data collection methods | -self report (quantitative and qualitative) -observation (quantitative and qualitative) -biophysical measures (quantitative) |
| self report method | data collected by asking Ss questions (orally or in a written format) concerning beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, traits, or knowledge *susceptible to errors of social desirability |
| quantitative self report | -use of a structured instrument (interview or written questionnaire) in a numerical format using closed ended or open ended questions *ex: satisfaction with care, smoking cessation strategies attempted, degree of cardiac disability.. |
| qualitative self report | -use of unstructured or semi structured interview in a narrative format using open ended questions (what the experience entails, what is relevant, what cognitive processes involved) *ex: adjustment of AD caregivers, coping of pending organ recipients.. |
| open ended questions | -different options for responses -Ss control response -easy to construct -specialized more time to answer (in depth responses) -difficult to analyze |
| closed ended questions | -same options for responses -Ss forced to choose response -difficult to construct -standardized -less time to answer (superficial responses) -easy to analyze |
| types of closed ended questions | 1. dichotomous (yes-no, true-false) 2. multiple choice (4>3 or 5 options) 3. rank order (most to least, first to last) 4. rating questions (0-10 scale) |
| how to increase rate of questionnaire return **mean return rate: 30-60% (>60% excellent) | -include cover letter, stamped addressed envelope -provide clear instructions -use brief, easy to complete questionnaire -reiterate anonymity of responses -mail reminder in several wks |
| other structured questionnaires | -scales -vignettes |
| scales | -opinions regarding the strength or intensity of an attribute that correspond to a score on a continuum using positive and negative statements as end points (Likert scale) |
| vignettes | -reactions to descriptions of hypothetical situations |
| observation method | -data collected by observing Ss behaviors or events (primarily objective data) -susceptible to ethical restrictions, faulty inferences, researcher bias (d/t emotions, prejudices, values) |
| quantitative observation | -use structured observation via a checklist or rating scale for classifying observed behaviors or events (presence, frequency, severity) -researchers,not Ss, record or rate behaviors or events of interest ex:level of consciousness w/ glasgow coma scal |
| qualitative observation *ex: development of breast cancer support group | -use unstructured observation via log or field notes to extract meaning from observed behaviors or events -researcher may assume a participant observer role to determine who, what, when, where, why, and how of an issue |
| biophysical measure *objective data | -data collected via assessment of measures concerning biophysical processes |
| biophysical measures continued | accuracy of biophysical information, extent to which biophysical measures are within "normal" range, efficacy of interventions, how health care affects health outcomes etc) |
| biophysical measures | -specialized instruments and training may be required -acquisition of data may have potential to harm body -lengthy informed consent form may be required -data not easily distorted, thus most accurate and precise data collection method -variable c |
| objective data: signs | -TPR, BP, O2 sat -height, weight, BMI -edema, LNs, EOMs -pupil size, wd. depth -seizure type, strength -CMP, CBC, lipid level -ABG, C+S, EKG, CT |
| subjective data: symptoms | -depression -pain, headache -dizziness -nausea, fatigue -dysuria, tinnitus -heartburn -blurred vision |
Created by:
lissy11
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