ch. 12 sampling plans
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| Sampling Plan goal: to obtain a representative group to enable generalizability in making conclusions | process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population ( may be humans, animals, objects, events, organizations) in a research study
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| where is the sampling plan most frequently found in a report? | method sections
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| Eligibility Criteria **eligibility= inclusion **delimitations= exclusion | characteristics that restrict the population to a specific group thus decreasing extraneous variables and increasing generalizability of research findings
**need to indicate inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in report
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| Sampling Bias | overrepresentation or underrepresentation of specific segment of the population that may affect the variables of interest in a study
(ex: use only Ss attending diabetes clinic; use only Ss with land line phones for surveys rather than cell phone)
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| non-probability sampling | selection of subjects by nonrandom methods (every subject does not have an equal and independent chance of being selected)
**convenience
**quota
**consecutive
**purposive
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| convenience sampling | -selection of subjects most readily available (accessible and easy to obtain)
-most commonly used in quantitative & qualitative research
-weakest d/t risk of sampling bias
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| examples of convenience sampling | 1. first 100 students in FAMU library (many have high GPA)
2. first 20 ppl in mall (mostly female)
3. all members of a church (most have empathy level)
4. all children in a day care center (most have working parents unable to stay home)
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| Quota sampling **researchers identify population strata and determine how many participants are needed from each stratum | selection of subjects based on predetermined strata with proportionate representation in each subgroup
**stronger than convenience d/t use of homogenous groups to ensure representation
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| consecutive sampling | selection of subjects most readily available over a specified time period or for a specified sample size
**stronger than convenience d/t use of all subjects available
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| ex of consecutive sampling | -all pts admitted to a burn unit over a 6 mo. period, all premature infants weighing less than 3 lbs in a NICU over a 6 wk period, 1st 100 patients admitted to a ED with acute asthma
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| purposive sampling | selection of subjects based on personal judgement of researcher about who will be most typical of population
**used in quantitative and qualitative research
**bias may occur d/t subjective nature of being "handpicked"
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| ex of purposive sampling | -persons with a specific disorder (Reye's syndrome), monozygotic twins raised apart to assess cardiac disease *genetic v environment influence)
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| Probability sampling | selection of subjects by random methods (every subject has an equal and independent chance of being selected) **different than random assignment**
1. simple random sampling
2. stratified random sampling
3. cluster sampling
4. systematic sampling
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| simple random sampling | selection of subjects via a list derived from all members of a population, then selecting a random sample from the sampling frame
**most basic procedure, but often not used d/t difficulty in obtaining or compiling lists
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| ex of simple random sampling | Ss drawn randomly from a list of all hospitals in GA with cancer units, from a list of all NPs in FL, from a list of all drivers in a county issued a DUI
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| stratified random sampling **the population is first divided intp 2 or more strata. As with quota sampling, the aim of stratified sampling is to enhance representativeness | selection of subjects based on predetermined strata, then selecting a random sample from each subgroup (similar to quota sampling)
**ex of proportional/equal
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| cluster sampling | selection of subjects via a random sample of first a large group, then selecting from successive smaller groups
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| ex of cluster sampling | all hospitals in florida, then region, then units with nurses caring for pts with GSWs; all high schools in florida, then region, then 11th grade classes for teenagers engaging in organized sports activities
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| systematic sampling | selection of subjects such that every kth person in a sampling frame is selected
**identify population (N= 500), decide sample size (n= 50), divide population by sample size [k= N/n or 500/50= 10th]
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| ex of systematic sampling | patients using anticoagulant post-knee replacement following discharge, patients with HbA1C > 7 in diabetic clinic, nurses recording pain level in postpartum patients
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| PROBABILITY *simple random *stratified *cluster *systematic | -random selection
-difficult to obtain sample
-more representativeness
-more generalizability
-less bias
-more costly and time-consuming
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| NON-PROBABILITY *convenience *quota *consecutive *purposive | -non random selection
-easy to obtain sample
-less representativeness
-less generalizability
-more bias
-less costly and time consuming
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| sample size: quantitative study | use largest number possible to ensure representativeness and generalizability; determined primarily by degree of precision desired, prevalence of problem, cost, and time
*consider conducting a pilot study
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| pilot study | trial run with few Ss to identify feasibility of study, problems with design, reliability and validity of instruments, and to refine treatment protocols and data collection procedures
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| sample size: qualitative study | interview Ss until data saturation has occurred
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| sampling process | 1. identify target population and accessability
2. develop sampling plan
3. determine eligibility criteria
4. determine sample size
5. obtain IRB approval
6. obtain subjects
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