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research test 3
ch. 12 sampling plans
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sampling Plan goal: to obtain a representative group to enable generalizability in making conclusions | process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population ( may be humans, animals, objects, events, organizations) in a research study |
| where is the sampling plan most frequently found in a report? | method sections |
| Eligibility Criteria **eligibility= inclusion **delimitations= exclusion | characteristics that restrict the population to a specific group thus decreasing extraneous variables and increasing generalizability of research findings **need to indicate inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in report |
| Sampling Bias | overrepresentation or underrepresentation of specific segment of the population that may affect the variables of interest in a study (ex: use only Ss attending diabetes clinic; use only Ss with land line phones for surveys rather than cell phone) |
| non-probability sampling | selection of subjects by nonrandom methods (every subject does not have an equal and independent chance of being selected) **convenience **quota **consecutive **purposive |
| convenience sampling | -selection of subjects most readily available (accessible and easy to obtain) -most commonly used in quantitative & qualitative research -weakest d/t risk of sampling bias |
| examples of convenience sampling | 1. first 100 students in FAMU library (many have high GPA) 2. first 20 ppl in mall (mostly female) 3. all members of a church (most have empathy level) 4. all children in a day care center (most have working parents unable to stay home) |
| Quota sampling **researchers identify population strata and determine how many participants are needed from each stratum | selection of subjects based on predetermined strata with proportionate representation in each subgroup **stronger than convenience d/t use of homogenous groups to ensure representation |
| consecutive sampling | selection of subjects most readily available over a specified time period or for a specified sample size **stronger than convenience d/t use of all subjects available |
| ex of consecutive sampling | -all pts admitted to a burn unit over a 6 mo. period, all premature infants weighing less than 3 lbs in a NICU over a 6 wk period, 1st 100 patients admitted to a ED with acute asthma |
| purposive sampling | selection of subjects based on personal judgement of researcher about who will be most typical of population **used in quantitative and qualitative research **bias may occur d/t subjective nature of being "handpicked" |
| ex of purposive sampling | -persons with a specific disorder (Reye's syndrome), monozygotic twins raised apart to assess cardiac disease *genetic v environment influence) |
| Probability sampling | selection of subjects by random methods (every subject has an equal and independent chance of being selected) **different than random assignment** 1. simple random sampling 2. stratified random sampling 3. cluster sampling 4. systematic sampling |
| simple random sampling | selection of subjects via a list derived from all members of a population, then selecting a random sample from the sampling frame **most basic procedure, but often not used d/t difficulty in obtaining or compiling lists |
| ex of simple random sampling | Ss drawn randomly from a list of all hospitals in GA with cancer units, from a list of all NPs in FL, from a list of all drivers in a county issued a DUI |
| stratified random sampling **the population is first divided intp 2 or more strata. As with quota sampling, the aim of stratified sampling is to enhance representativeness | selection of subjects based on predetermined strata, then selecting a random sample from each subgroup (similar to quota sampling) **ex of proportional/equal |
| cluster sampling | selection of subjects via a random sample of first a large group, then selecting from successive smaller groups |
| ex of cluster sampling | all hospitals in florida, then region, then units with nurses caring for pts with GSWs; all high schools in florida, then region, then 11th grade classes for teenagers engaging in organized sports activities |
| systematic sampling | selection of subjects such that every kth person in a sampling frame is selected **identify population (N= 500), decide sample size (n= 50), divide population by sample size [k= N/n or 500/50= 10th] |
| ex of systematic sampling | patients using anticoagulant post-knee replacement following discharge, patients with HbA1C > 7 in diabetic clinic, nurses recording pain level in postpartum patients |
| PROBABILITY *simple random *stratified *cluster *systematic | -random selection -difficult to obtain sample -more representativeness -more generalizability -less bias -more costly and time-consuming |
| NON-PROBABILITY *convenience *quota *consecutive *purposive | -non random selection -easy to obtain sample -less representativeness -less generalizability -more bias -less costly and time consuming |
| sample size: quantitative study | use largest number possible to ensure representativeness and generalizability; determined primarily by degree of precision desired, prevalence of problem, cost, and time *consider conducting a pilot study |
| pilot study | trial run with few Ss to identify feasibility of study, problems with design, reliability and validity of instruments, and to refine treatment protocols and data collection procedures |
| sample size: qualitative study | interview Ss until data saturation has occurred |
| sampling process | 1. identify target population and accessability 2. develop sampling plan 3. determine eligibility criteria 4. determine sample size 5. obtain IRB approval 6. obtain subjects |
Created by:
lissy11
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