Fluid & Electrolytes
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| Hyponatremia (Causes) | Adrenal insufficiency (aldosterone deficiency), SIADH, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diuretics
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| Hyponatremia (Symptoms) | Headache, lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, weakness, dry skin/mucous membranes, tremor, convulsions, N/V, cramps, Seizure precaution
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| Hyponatremia (Treatment) | Slow increase of NA. Hypertonic (3% or 5%) solutions. Water restriction (800ml/day)
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| Hypernatremia (Causes) | Fluid deprivation, Diabetes Insipidus, heat stroke, Hypertonic feedings
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| Hypernatremia (Symptoms) | Restlessness, weakness, agitation, coma (r/t cerebral deprivation), elevated body temp, hallucinations
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| Hypernatremia (Treatment) | Gradual reduction of NA with hypotonic solution (0.2% or 0.4%), Diuretic therapy, low NA diet, increase fluid intake
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| Hypokalemia (Causes) | GI losses, alterations in acid-base balance, hyperaldosterism, Lasix, Mag depletion causes renal K loss, insulin promotes entry of K into cell
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| Hypokalemia (Symptoms) | Flat T wave, present U wave, Dysrhythmias, decreased muscle strength, leg cramps, Cardiac or respiratory arrest, paresthesia, polyuria, glucose intolerancethirst, slow, weak pulse, shallow respirations
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| Hypokalemia (Treatment) | K replacement, 40 to 80mEq/day (No IV or IM) with glass of water, monitor for Dig toxicity, ECG, Aldactone
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| Hyperkalemia (Causes) | Impaired renal function, hypoaldosterism, tissue trauma, acidosis
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| Hyperkalemia (Symptoms) | Peaked T, flat P, prolonged QRS,Ventricular Dysrhytmias, tachycardia then bradycardia, hypotension, flaccid quadriplegia, paralysis of speech muscles,
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| Hyperkalemia (Treatment) | IV calcium gloconate, ECG, increase fluids, Sodium bicarb (shifts K into cells), Lasix, Kayexalate, Insulin and hypertonic dextrose (K uptake in cell)
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| Hypocalcemia (Causes) | hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, alkalosis, Packed RBC's, renal failure, Cushing's Disease, vitamin D deficiency
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| Hypocalcemia (Symptoms) | Prolonged QT interval, tetany, circumoral numbness, parathesias, Trousseau's, Chovstek's, seizures, hyperactive motor sensory nerves, dyspnea, hypotension, prolonged bleeding time, hyperactive bowel sounds, dry brittle hair and nails
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| Hypocalcemia (Treatment) | IV calcium gluconate, ECG, high calcium and Vitamin D diet, low phosphate, antacids (for phosphorous), weight-bearing exercises, airway status monitored, assess for Dig toxicity
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| Hypercalcemia (Causes) | Malignancy, immobility, hyperparathyroidism
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| Hypercalcemia (Symptoms) | Cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, incooridnation, abdominal distention, constipation, bone pain, polyuria,
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| Hypercalcemia (Treatment) | IV NS, Lasix, calcitonin (IM) BIphosphates (Inhibit osteoclast activity), excessive hydration
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| Hypomagnesemia (Causes) | Alcoholism, GI losses, enteral/parenteral feeding, packed RBC's, DKA (from insulin), Addison's disease, sepsis, burns, alkalosis, excess antacid intake
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| Hypomagnesemia (Symptoms) | Prolonged QRS, depressed ST segment, dysrthmias, Tetany, tremores, irratibility, muscle weakness, vasospasm, depression, confusion, physhosis
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| Hypomagnesemia (Treatment) | Mag sulfate, ECG, high mag diet, monitor for dig toxicity
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| Hypermagnesemia (Causes) | Renal failure, DKA (cellular release of mag), excessive mag administration
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| Hypermagnesemia (Symptoms) | {rolonged PR interval, tall T waves, widened QRS, prolonged QT interval, flushing, hypotension, hypoactive reflexes, muscle weakness, depressed respirations, dysrhythmias,
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| Hypermagnesemia (Treatment) | IV calcium gluconate, Lasix, IV NS, hemodialysis, watch for decreased patellar reflex
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