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NSG10914
Fluid & Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hyponatremia (Causes) | Adrenal insufficiency (aldosterone deficiency), SIADH, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diuretics |
| Hyponatremia (Symptoms) | Headache, lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, weakness, dry skin/mucous membranes, tremor, convulsions, N/V, cramps, Seizure precaution |
| Hyponatremia (Treatment) | Slow increase of NA. Hypertonic (3% or 5%) solutions. Water restriction (800ml/day) |
| Hypernatremia (Causes) | Fluid deprivation, Diabetes Insipidus, heat stroke, Hypertonic feedings |
| Hypernatremia (Symptoms) | Restlessness, weakness, agitation, coma (r/t cerebral deprivation), elevated body temp, hallucinations |
| Hypernatremia (Treatment) | Gradual reduction of NA with hypotonic solution (0.2% or 0.4%), Diuretic therapy, low NA diet, increase fluid intake |
| Hypokalemia (Causes) | GI losses, alterations in acid-base balance, hyperaldosterism, Lasix, Mag depletion causes renal K loss, insulin promotes entry of K into cell |
| Hypokalemia (Symptoms) | Flat T wave, present U wave, Dysrhythmias, decreased muscle strength, leg cramps, Cardiac or respiratory arrest, paresthesia, polyuria, glucose intolerancethirst, slow, weak pulse, shallow respirations |
| Hypokalemia (Treatment) | K replacement, 40 to 80mEq/day (No IV or IM) with glass of water, monitor for Dig toxicity, ECG, Aldactone |
| Hyperkalemia (Causes) | Impaired renal function, hypoaldosterism, tissue trauma, acidosis |
| Hyperkalemia (Symptoms) | Peaked T, flat P, prolonged QRS,Ventricular Dysrhytmias, tachycardia then bradycardia, hypotension, flaccid quadriplegia, paralysis of speech muscles, |
| Hyperkalemia (Treatment) | IV calcium gloconate, ECG, increase fluids, Sodium bicarb (shifts K into cells), Lasix, Kayexalate, Insulin and hypertonic dextrose (K uptake in cell) |
| Hypocalcemia (Causes) | hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, alkalosis, Packed RBC's, renal failure, Cushing's Disease, vitamin D deficiency |
| Hypocalcemia (Symptoms) | Prolonged QT interval, tetany, circumoral numbness, parathesias, Trousseau's, Chovstek's, seizures, hyperactive motor sensory nerves, dyspnea, hypotension, prolonged bleeding time, hyperactive bowel sounds, dry brittle hair and nails |
| Hypocalcemia (Treatment) | IV calcium gluconate, ECG, high calcium and Vitamin D diet, low phosphate, antacids (for phosphorous), weight-bearing exercises, airway status monitored, assess for Dig toxicity |
| Hypercalcemia (Causes) | Malignancy, immobility, hyperparathyroidism |
| Hypercalcemia (Symptoms) | Cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, incooridnation, abdominal distention, constipation, bone pain, polyuria, |
| Hypercalcemia (Treatment) | IV NS, Lasix, calcitonin (IM) BIphosphates (Inhibit osteoclast activity), excessive hydration |
| Hypomagnesemia (Causes) | Alcoholism, GI losses, enteral/parenteral feeding, packed RBC's, DKA (from insulin), Addison's disease, sepsis, burns, alkalosis, excess antacid intake |
| Hypomagnesemia (Symptoms) | Prolonged QRS, depressed ST segment, dysrthmias, Tetany, tremores, irratibility, muscle weakness, vasospasm, depression, confusion, physhosis |
| Hypomagnesemia (Treatment) | Mag sulfate, ECG, high mag diet, monitor for dig toxicity |
| Hypermagnesemia (Causes) | Renal failure, DKA (cellular release of mag), excessive mag administration |
| Hypermagnesemia (Symptoms) | {rolonged PR interval, tall T waves, widened QRS, prolonged QT interval, flushing, hypotension, hypoactive reflexes, muscle weakness, depressed respirations, dysrhythmias, |
| Hypermagnesemia (Treatment) | IV calcium gluconate, Lasix, IV NS, hemodialysis, watch for decreased patellar reflex |
Created by:
maggardba
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