sustaining aquatic biodiversity
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| What are aquatic species most threatened by? | habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and over exploitation
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| where does the greatest marine biodiversity occur? | coral reefs, estuaries and the deep ocean floor
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| Why is biodiversity higher near coasts than in the open ocean? | there is a greater variety of producers and habitats in coastal areas
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| Why is biodiversity higher in the bottom region of the ocean than in the surface region? | there is a greater variety of habitats and food sources on the ocean bottom
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| what threats does the acronym HIPPCO help us remember | Habitat loss and degradation, invasive species,populations growth, pollution, climate change, overfishing
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| Why are invasive species a threat? | they can displace or cause the extinction of native species and disrupt ecosystem services
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| what about climate change threatens aquatic biodiversity? | Climate change causes the sea levels to rise destroying coral reefs and swamping low lying islands
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| Overfishing | Deplete the stock of fish in (a body of water) by too much fishing
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| Fishprint | the area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world
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| Commercial extinction | when it is no longer profitable to continue fishing the affected species
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| why has the fishing industry begun shifting from large species to smaller ones? | it reduces the breeding stock needed for recovery of depleted species which unravels marine food webs and disrupts marine ecosystems and their services
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| byatch | nontarget species caught in fishing boats nets
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| biological extinction | a species is no longer found anywhere on earth due to overfishing, water pollution, wetland destruction and excessive removal of water from rivers.
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| what group of species is threatened with extinction by human activities the most | marine and freshwater fishes
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| Trawler fishing | used to catch fishes and shellfish especially shrimp, cod, flounder, and scallops that live on or near the ocean floor
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| purse-seine fishing | used to catch surface dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas
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| longlining | putting out lines up to 130 km long hung with thousands of baited hooks
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| drift net fishing | fish are caught by huge drifting nets that can hang as deep as 15 meters below the surface
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| Cetaceans | order of mostly marine mammals ranging in size from .9 meter porpoise to the gians 15-30 meter blue whale
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| toothed whale | porpoise, sperm whale and killer whales who bite and chew their food and feed mostly on squid octopus and other marine animals
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| Baleen Whales | blue, gray, hump back, minke, and fin are filter feeders.
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| whats the worlds largest animal? | blue whale
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| The international whaling commision | mission to regulate the whaling industry by setting annual quotas to prevent overharvesting and commercial extinction
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| exclusive economic zones | foreign fishing vessels can take certain quotas of fish within such zones
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| high seas | ocean areas beyond the legal jurisdiction of any country
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| marine protected areas | areas of ocean partially protected from human activity
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| marine reserves | areas put off limits to destructive human activites in order to enable their ecosystems to recover and flourish
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| what island nation created the worlds largest protected marine reserve | pacific island nation of kiribati
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| intergrated coastal management | community based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainable
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| maximum sustained yield | modeled to project the maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from fish stock without causing a population drop
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| optimum sustained yield | modeled to project the maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from fish taking in account interactions among species and provide more room for error
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| multispecies management | takes into account their competitive and predator prey interactions
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| precautionary principle | reducing fish harvests and closing some overfished areas until they recover aand until we have more information about what levels of fishing can be sustained
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| comanagement | coastal communities and the government work together to manage fisheries
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| individual transfer rights | government gives each fishing vessel owner a specified percentage of the total allowable catch for a fishery in a given year
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| mitigation banking | allows destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland is created or restored
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| comprehensive everglades restoration project | largest ecological restoration project to partialy restore the everglades
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| sea lamprey | one of the biggest invasive species threats to the great lakes
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| wild rivers | rivers that are relatively inaccessible (except by trail)
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| Scenic rivers | rivers of great scenic value that are free of dams mostly undeveloped and accessible in only a few places by roads
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