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chapter 11 SAB
sustaining aquatic biodiversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are aquatic species most threatened by? | habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and over exploitation |
| where does the greatest marine biodiversity occur? | coral reefs, estuaries and the deep ocean floor |
| Why is biodiversity higher near coasts than in the open ocean? | there is a greater variety of producers and habitats in coastal areas |
| Why is biodiversity higher in the bottom region of the ocean than in the surface region? | there is a greater variety of habitats and food sources on the ocean bottom |
| what threats does the acronym HIPPCO help us remember | Habitat loss and degradation, invasive species,populations growth, pollution, climate change, overfishing |
| Why are invasive species a threat? | they can displace or cause the extinction of native species and disrupt ecosystem services |
| what about climate change threatens aquatic biodiversity? | Climate change causes the sea levels to rise destroying coral reefs and swamping low lying islands |
| Overfishing | Deplete the stock of fish in (a body of water) by too much fishing |
| Fishprint | the area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world |
| Commercial extinction | when it is no longer profitable to continue fishing the affected species |
| why has the fishing industry begun shifting from large species to smaller ones? | it reduces the breeding stock needed for recovery of depleted species which unravels marine food webs and disrupts marine ecosystems and their services |
| byatch | nontarget species caught in fishing boats nets |
| biological extinction | a species is no longer found anywhere on earth due to overfishing, water pollution, wetland destruction and excessive removal of water from rivers. |
| what group of species is threatened with extinction by human activities the most | marine and freshwater fishes |
| Trawler fishing | used to catch fishes and shellfish especially shrimp, cod, flounder, and scallops that live on or near the ocean floor |
| purse-seine fishing | used to catch surface dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas |
| longlining | putting out lines up to 130 km long hung with thousands of baited hooks |
| drift net fishing | fish are caught by huge drifting nets that can hang as deep as 15 meters below the surface |
| Cetaceans | order of mostly marine mammals ranging in size from .9 meter porpoise to the gians 15-30 meter blue whale |
| toothed whale | porpoise, sperm whale and killer whales who bite and chew their food and feed mostly on squid octopus and other marine animals |
| Baleen Whales | blue, gray, hump back, minke, and fin are filter feeders. |
| whats the worlds largest animal? | blue whale |
| The international whaling commision | mission to regulate the whaling industry by setting annual quotas to prevent overharvesting and commercial extinction |
| exclusive economic zones | foreign fishing vessels can take certain quotas of fish within such zones |
| high seas | ocean areas beyond the legal jurisdiction of any country |
| marine protected areas | areas of ocean partially protected from human activity |
| marine reserves | areas put off limits to destructive human activites in order to enable their ecosystems to recover and flourish |
| what island nation created the worlds largest protected marine reserve | pacific island nation of kiribati |
| intergrated coastal management | community based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainable |
| maximum sustained yield | modeled to project the maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from fish stock without causing a population drop |
| optimum sustained yield | modeled to project the maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from fish taking in account interactions among species and provide more room for error |
| multispecies management | takes into account their competitive and predator prey interactions |
| precautionary principle | reducing fish harvests and closing some overfished areas until they recover aand until we have more information about what levels of fishing can be sustained |
| comanagement | coastal communities and the government work together to manage fisheries |
| individual transfer rights | government gives each fishing vessel owner a specified percentage of the total allowable catch for a fishery in a given year |
| mitigation banking | allows destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland is created or restored |
| comprehensive everglades restoration project | largest ecological restoration project to partialy restore the everglades |
| sea lamprey | one of the biggest invasive species threats to the great lakes |
| wild rivers | rivers that are relatively inaccessible (except by trail) |
| Scenic rivers | rivers of great scenic value that are free of dams mostly undeveloped and accessible in only a few places by roads |
Created by:
kcbruch
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