Fluid and Electrolytes
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| What is the percentage of body water in an adult? | 60%
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| What is the amount of fluid in ICF? | 2/3 of TBW
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| What is the amount of fluid in ECF? | 1/3 of TBW
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| What percent of water drop can cause fatigue? | 2%
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| What percent of water drop can cause significant health problems? | 10%
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| What is ICF? | All fluid inside the cell.
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| What is ECF? | All fluid outside the cell, with 3 compartments.
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| What is interstitial fluid? | Contains lymph, is the fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels.
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| What is intravascular fluid? | Blood plasma found in the vascular space.
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| What is transcellular fluid? | Fluid separated by other fluids by a cellular barrier (i.e. CSF, Pleural, GI, Intraocular, Synovial fluids.)
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| Name 4 electrolyte cations? | Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺
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| Name 3 electrolyte anions? | PO₄³⁻, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
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| What is Na⁺ levels? | 135-145 mEq/L
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| What is Ca²⁺ level? | 8.5-10.5
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| What is K⁺ level? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| What is HCO₃⁻ level? | 22-26 (arterial) mEq/L
24-30 (venous) mEq/L
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| What is Cl⁻ level? | 95-105 mEq/L
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| What is PO₄³⁻ level? | 2.8-4.5 mg/dl
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| What does mEq/L represent? | The number of grams of the specific electrolyte (solute) dissolved in a Liter of plasma (solution).
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| Compromised of salts and large molecule colloids that do not easily dissolve? | Solute
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| The solution in which a particle is dissolved in? | Solvent
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| Fluid(water) moves passively from an area with more fluid and fewer solutes to an area with less fluid and more solutes? | Osmosis
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| The amount of substance in solution in the form of molecules, ions, or both? | Osmols
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| The drawing power of water and depends on the number of molecules in solution? | Osmotic Pressure
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| Reflects the total solute concentration in a fluid compartment? | Osmolality
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| Normal serum osmolality? | 275-295 mOsm/kg
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| Reflects the number of molecules in a Liter of solution? | Osmolarity (mOsm/L)
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| Tends to keep fluid in the intravascular compartment by pulling water from the interstitial space back into the capillaries? | Colloid Osmotic or Oncotic pressure.
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| Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? | Diffusion
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| The difference between 2 concentrations? | Concentration Gradient
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| Isotonic solution? | Equal, same, in balance.
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| Hypertonic Solution? | Shrink, shrivel, draw fluids out.
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| Hypotonic solution? | Rupture, grow, draw water in.
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| Causes movement of fluids form an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure? | Hydrostatic Pressure
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| Requires energy to move substances? | Active Transport
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| Primarily regulate fluid intake? | Thirst mechanisms, (Hypothalamus)
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| Continually monitor the serum osmotic pressure? | Osmoreceptors
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| Average adult fluid intake? | 2200-2700 ml/day
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| The by-product of cellular metabolism of ingested solid fluids? | Water Oxidation ( Oxidative Metabolism)
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| Is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity? | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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| Prevents diuresis, thus causing the bay to save water? | Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
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| What initiates RAAS? | Changes in Afferent renal perfusion
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| A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys, responds to decreased renal perfusion secondary to a decrease in ECF? | Renin
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| Where is Aldosterone released? | Renal Cortex
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| Is a hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and an increase in circulatory blood volume? | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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| Is continuos and occurs through the skin and lungs? | Insensible water loss
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| Occurs through excess perspiration and can be perceived by the client through inspection? | Sensible water loss
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| THe major anion in ECF? | Chloride
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| The major cation in the ECF? | Sodium
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| The major chemical base buffer within the body? | Bicarbonate
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| These 2 electrolytes are inversely proportional? | Calcium and Phosphate
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| The first buffering system to react to changes in the pH of ECF and it reacts in seconds? | Carbonic-Acid/Bicarbonate Buffer System (CABBS)
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| Occurs when hydrogen ions are absorbed or released by cells? | Biological Buffering
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| What are 2 physiological buffers in the body? | Kidneys and Lungs
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| Takes from a few hours to several days to regulate acid-base balance. | The Kidneys
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| What is the most common cause of hypokalemia? | Renal Failure
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| Results from illness which directly affects the thyroid and parathyroid glands? | Hypocalcemia
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| Carpopedal spams with hypoxia? | Trousseaus Sign
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| Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped. | Chvostek's Sign
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| In what 2 electrolyte imbalances are C&T tests positively present? | Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia
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| The 2 basic types of fluid imbalances? | Isotonic and Osmolar
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| Deficit and excess exist when water and electrolytes are gained or lost in equal proportions but osmolality remains unchanged. | Isotonic Imbalance
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| Are losses or excesses of only water that affect the concentration (osmolality) of the serum. | Osmolar Imbalances
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| What is PaCO₂ level? | 35-45mmHg
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| What is PaO₂ level? | 80-100mmHg
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| Scantly urine production? | Oliguria
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| BUN level? | 7-20mg/dl
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| Is the result of hypoventilation? | Respiratory Acidosis
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| Is the result of hyperventilation? | Respiratory Alkalosis
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| Results because of high acid content in the blood. | Metabolic Acidosis
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| When plasma leaves the intravascular space and becomes trapped edema. | Plasma-to-Interstitial Shift
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| Occurs when too little ADH is secreted and the client excretes large volumes of diluted urine with a low specific gravity. | Diabetes Insipidous
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| Continuos excess secretion of ADH? | Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone
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| Is the number of osmols of solute in a Kilogram of solvent. | Osmolality
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| Is the number of osmols of solute in a Liter of solution. | Osmolarity
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| Each kilogram (2.2 lb.) of weight gain or lost is equal to how much fluid? | 1 Liter
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| What would the specific gravity be like for a dehydrated person? | >1.010
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| Require restricted fluid intake? | Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)
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| S&S are ↓ RR and depth, hypotension, and flushing? | Hypermagnesemia
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| An ↑ in Na⁺ will increase what? | ↑ Cl⁻
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| HCO⁻₃ is regulated by what organ? | The kidneys
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| Steroids will ↑ or ↓ weight? | Increase
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| Where is the first place to check for dependent edema? | Sacral Region
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| What is the most accurate lab test that shows function of kidney? | Serum Creatinine (0.5-1.2)
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| What is the Bicarb to Carbonic Ratio? | 20:1
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| What is normal Bicarbonate level? | 22-26 mEq/L
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| How often should I.V. tubing be replaced? | Q 72hrs
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| How often should TPN infusion sets be changed? | Q 24hrs
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| 7 Rights of Medication? | Drug, Dose, Patient, Route, Date/Time, Documentation, Purpose.
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| what is the best measure of fluid retention or loss? | Daily Weights
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| Another name for blood and blood components? | Colloids
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| Another name for fluids and electrolyte therapy? | Crystalloids
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| Too fast of an infusion causing lightheadedness/dizziness, chest pain, facial flushing, and irregular pulse. | Speed Shock
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| Causes Neuro Vasoconstriction, leading to syncope, lightheadedness K⁺ shifts into the cells. | Metabolic Alkalosis
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| Causes Neuro Vasodilation, K⁺ shifts out of the cells. | Metabolic Acidosis
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