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F&E1
Fluid and Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the percentage of body water in an adult? | 60% |
| What is the amount of fluid in ICF? | 2/3 of TBW |
| What is the amount of fluid in ECF? | 1/3 of TBW |
| What percent of water drop can cause fatigue? | 2% |
| What percent of water drop can cause significant health problems? | 10% |
| What is ICF? | All fluid inside the cell. |
| What is ECF? | All fluid outside the cell, with 3 compartments. |
| What is interstitial fluid? | Contains lymph, is the fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels. |
| What is intravascular fluid? | Blood plasma found in the vascular space. |
| What is transcellular fluid? | Fluid separated by other fluids by a cellular barrier (i.e. CSF, Pleural, GI, Intraocular, Synovial fluids.) |
| Name 4 electrolyte cations? | Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ |
| Name 3 electrolyte anions? | PO₄³⁻, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻ |
| What is Na⁺ levels? | 135-145 mEq/L |
| What is Ca²⁺ level? | 8.5-10.5 |
| What is K⁺ level? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| What is HCO₃⁻ level? | 22-26 (arterial) mEq/L 24-30 (venous) mEq/L |
| What is Cl⁻ level? | 95-105 mEq/L |
| What is PO₄³⁻ level? | 2.8-4.5 mg/dl |
| What does mEq/L represent? | The number of grams of the specific electrolyte (solute) dissolved in a Liter of plasma (solution). |
| Compromised of salts and large molecule colloids that do not easily dissolve? | Solute |
| The solution in which a particle is dissolved in? | Solvent |
| Fluid(water) moves passively from an area with more fluid and fewer solutes to an area with less fluid and more solutes? | Osmosis |
| The amount of substance in solution in the form of molecules, ions, or both? | Osmols |
| The drawing power of water and depends on the number of molecules in solution? | Osmotic Pressure |
| Reflects the total solute concentration in a fluid compartment? | Osmolality |
| Normal serum osmolality? | 275-295 mOsm/kg |
| Reflects the number of molecules in a Liter of solution? | Osmolarity (mOsm/L) |
| Tends to keep fluid in the intravascular compartment by pulling water from the interstitial space back into the capillaries? | Colloid Osmotic or Oncotic pressure. |
| Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? | Diffusion |
| The difference between 2 concentrations? | Concentration Gradient |
| Isotonic solution? | Equal, same, in balance. |
| Hypertonic Solution? | Shrink, shrivel, draw fluids out. |
| Hypotonic solution? | Rupture, grow, draw water in. |
| Causes movement of fluids form an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure? | Hydrostatic Pressure |
| Requires energy to move substances? | Active Transport |
| Primarily regulate fluid intake? | Thirst mechanisms, (Hypothalamus) |
| Continually monitor the serum osmotic pressure? | Osmoreceptors |
| Average adult fluid intake? | 2200-2700 ml/day |
| The by-product of cellular metabolism of ingested solid fluids? | Water Oxidation ( Oxidative Metabolism) |
| Is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity? | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Prevents diuresis, thus causing the bay to save water? | Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| What initiates RAAS? | Changes in Afferent renal perfusion |
| A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys, responds to decreased renal perfusion secondary to a decrease in ECF? | Renin |
| Where is Aldosterone released? | Renal Cortex |
| Is a hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and an increase in circulatory blood volume? | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
| Is continuos and occurs through the skin and lungs? | Insensible water loss |
| Occurs through excess perspiration and can be perceived by the client through inspection? | Sensible water loss |
| THe major anion in ECF? | Chloride |
| The major cation in the ECF? | Sodium |
| The major chemical base buffer within the body? | Bicarbonate |
| These 2 electrolytes are inversely proportional? | Calcium and Phosphate |
| The first buffering system to react to changes in the pH of ECF and it reacts in seconds? | Carbonic-Acid/Bicarbonate Buffer System (CABBS) |
| Occurs when hydrogen ions are absorbed or released by cells? | Biological Buffering |
| What are 2 physiological buffers in the body? | Kidneys and Lungs |
| Takes from a few hours to several days to regulate acid-base balance. | The Kidneys |
| What is the most common cause of hypokalemia? | Renal Failure |
| Results from illness which directly affects the thyroid and parathyroid glands? | Hypocalcemia |
| Carpopedal spams with hypoxia? | Trousseaus Sign |
| Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped. | Chvostek's Sign |
| In what 2 electrolyte imbalances are C&T tests positively present? | Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia |
| The 2 basic types of fluid imbalances? | Isotonic and Osmolar |
| Deficit and excess exist when water and electrolytes are gained or lost in equal proportions but osmolality remains unchanged. | Isotonic Imbalance |
| Are losses or excesses of only water that affect the concentration (osmolality) of the serum. | Osmolar Imbalances |
| What is PaCO₂ level? | 35-45mmHg |
| What is PaO₂ level? | 80-100mmHg |
| Scantly urine production? | Oliguria |
| BUN level? | 7-20mg/dl |
| Is the result of hypoventilation? | Respiratory Acidosis |
| Is the result of hyperventilation? | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| Results because of high acid content in the blood. | Metabolic Acidosis |
| When plasma leaves the intravascular space and becomes trapped edema. | Plasma-to-Interstitial Shift |
| Occurs when too little ADH is secreted and the client excretes large volumes of diluted urine with a low specific gravity. | Diabetes Insipidous |
| Continuos excess secretion of ADH? | Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone |
| Is the number of osmols of solute in a Kilogram of solvent. | Osmolality |
| Is the number of osmols of solute in a Liter of solution. | Osmolarity |
| Each kilogram (2.2 lb.) of weight gain or lost is equal to how much fluid? | 1 Liter |
| What would the specific gravity be like for a dehydrated person? | >1.010 |
| Require restricted fluid intake? | Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) |
| S&S are ↓ RR and depth, hypotension, and flushing? | Hypermagnesemia |
| An ↑ in Na⁺ will increase what? | ↑ Cl⁻ |
| HCO⁻₃ is regulated by what organ? | The kidneys |
| Steroids will ↑ or ↓ weight? | Increase |
| Where is the first place to check for dependent edema? | Sacral Region |
| What is the most accurate lab test that shows function of kidney? | Serum Creatinine (0.5-1.2) |
| What is the Bicarb to Carbonic Ratio? | 20:1 |
| What is normal Bicarbonate level? | 22-26 mEq/L |
| How often should I.V. tubing be replaced? | Q 72hrs |
| How often should TPN infusion sets be changed? | Q 24hrs |
| 7 Rights of Medication? | Drug, Dose, Patient, Route, Date/Time, Documentation, Purpose. |
| what is the best measure of fluid retention or loss? | Daily Weights |
| Another name for blood and blood components? | Colloids |
| Another name for fluids and electrolyte therapy? | Crystalloids |
| Too fast of an infusion causing lightheadedness/dizziness, chest pain, facial flushing, and irregular pulse. | Speed Shock |
| Causes Neuro Vasoconstriction, leading to syncope, lightheadedness K⁺ shifts into the cells. | Metabolic Alkalosis |
| Causes Neuro Vasodilation, K⁺ shifts out of the cells. | Metabolic Acidosis |
Created by:
BOjangles1006
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