ASSESS RESP FXN
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| APNEA | TEMP CESSATION OF BREATHING
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| BRONCHOSCOPY | DIRECT EXAM OF LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND BRONCHI, USING ENDOSCOPE
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| BRONCHOPHONY | abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds
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| COMPLIANCE | measure of the force req'd to expand or inflate lungs
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| DIFFUSION | exchange of gas molecules from high to low concentration
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| EGOPHONY | abnormal change in tone of voice on auscultation
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| FREMITUS | vibrations of speech felt as tremors of chest wall on palpation
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| HEMOPTYSIS | expectoration of blood from resp tract
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| HYPOXEMIA | DECREASE in arterial O2 tension IN THE BLOOD
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| HYPOXIA | DECREASED O2 supply to the TISSUES & CELLS
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| OXYGEN SATURATION / O2 SAT | % hemoglobin bound to O2
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| PULMONARY PERFUSION | blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
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| RESPIRATION | gas exchange between:
air-blood
blood-cells
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| RHONCHI | low pitched, wheezing or snoring sound on auscultation. Associated with partial airway obstruction
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| STRIDOR | harsh high pitched sound on INSPIRATION, secondary to UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. Usually heard w/out steth.
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| TIDAL VOLUME (VT OR TV) | normal breathing, volume inspired-expired w. each breath
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| VENTILATION | mvmt of air through airways
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| AGE RELATED RESPIRATORY CHANGES | reduced alveolar surface area ...loss of alveolar elasticity...reduced tidal flow & vital capacity...= reduced O2-CO2 exchange / DECREASED O2 DIFFUSION
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| MAJOR S/S OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE | Dyspnea, cough, sputum, chest pain, wheezing, hemoptysis (expectorated resp. blood)
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| ARDS | ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
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| S/S ARDS | tachynea, dyspnea, progressive hypoxemia, following lung trauma, shock, bypass, multiple blood transfusions...
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| COPD | dyspnea with expiratory wheezing
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| WHAT CONDITIONS predispose / often show ORTHOPNEA? | orthopnea may be found in pts. w/ heart disease and occassionally in COPD (p.495)
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| The presence of both inspiratory and expiratory wheezing usually signifies.... | ...Asthma (if the patient does not have heart failure) (p496)
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| profuse amount of purulent sputum (thick, yellow - green - or rust colored)or a change in sputum color is s/s of..... | Respiratory Bacterial Infection
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| Thin mucoid sputum results from... | viral bronchitis
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| pink tinged mucus suggests... | lung tumor
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| profuse, frothy, pink mucus, often welling up in throat may indicate... | pulmonary edema
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| foul smelling sputum and bad breath indicate | lung abscess, bronchiectasis, or anaerobic infection
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| RISK FACTORS FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASE | SMOKING!!! 2ND HAND SMOKE EXPOSURE, GENETICS, ALLERGENS, RECREATIONAL-OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
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| GENETIC INFLUENCES OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE.. | ASTHMA, COPD, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
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| CLUBBING OF FINGERS... | S/S of lung disease. Pts with chronic hypoxic conditions: chronic lung infections, malegnancies. Initially sponginess of nail bed & gradual loss of nail bed angle
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| CYANOSIS | bluish coloring of skin, LATE S/S of hyoxia
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| PERIPHERAL CYANOSIS.. | results from decreased blood flow to periphery / vasoconstriction / cold exposure / MAY/MAY NOT indicate systemic issue
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| BARREL CHEST.. | results from over inflation...
EMPHYSEMA
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| FUNNEL CHEST.. | depression lower portion of sternum..may compress heart&great vessels..may result in murmurs.. RICKETS OR MARFAN'S SYNDROME
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| PIGEON CHEST.. | results from sternum displacement..RICKETS, MARFAN'S SYNDROME, SEVERE KYPHOSCOLIOSIS
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| KYPHOSCOLIOSIS / KYPHOSIS.. | elevation of scapula & s shaped spine..limits lung expansion.. OSTEOPOROSIS, other skeletal disorders
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| ATELECTASIS | when airflow is decreased by bronchial obstruction
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| RISK FACTORS FOR HYPOVENTILATION: | limited neurological impulses (brain), depressed respiratory center - medullary (anesthesia, drug OD), limited thoracic/lung mvmt or reduced lung function
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| Arterial O2 (PaO2) & Arterial CO2 (PaCO2 indicate.... | ALVEOLAR VENTILATION ADEQUACY
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| ABG | arterial blood gas: assess LUNG O2/CO2 fxn .. assess KIDNEY ability to reabsorb/excrete bicarbonate (maintains normal pH)
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| SpO2 | pulse ox: continuous monitoring O2 sat of hemoglobin
Assess:SUDDEN OR SUBTLE CHANGES
Normal = 95-100%
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| SpO2 < 85% (95% ??) = | tissues not receiving enough O2
FURTHER ASSESSMENT NEEDED IMMEDIATELY!
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| Respiratory Dx Tests = | pulmonary fxn tests (PFT's)
ABG (PaO2/PaCO2)
Pulse Ox (SpO2)
Throat/Nasal cultures
Sputum Studies
Imaging (x-ray, CT, MRI, PET,)
Endoscopy / Biopsy
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Created by:
rtcdavis
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