Intro to Criminal Justice
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| Criminology p.25 | Scientific study of causes & prevention of crime; and, rehabilitation & punishment of offenders.
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| Terry v Ohio (1968) p 228, 233 | * stop & frisk/request personal id
* search on reasonable suspicion
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| Vigilantism p 153 (204, 378) | * act of taking the law into one's own hands.
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| Plain View Seizure p 227, 229 (230) | * objects falling in plain view of officer who has right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure & may be introduced into evidence.
* officer had probable cause evidence associated w/ criminal activity.
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| Procedural Law p 20-1, *READ p 120 | * type of evidence that may be submitted, credentials of who representing state/defendant, & what jury can hear.
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| Alibis p 683 | statement/contention by individual charged w/ crime the he was so distant when crime committed, his participation in crime was impossible.
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| FBI p 159 (162-3) | * Protect & defend US against terrorist & foreign intelligence threats.
*Uphold & enforce US criminal laws
* provide leadership & services to other agencies.
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| Techniques of Neutralization (Criminology theory) p 80, 99 | * Offenders shed feelings of guilt & responsibility for behavior
*denial of responsibility, injury, the victim; condemn the cops; appeal to higher loyalties.
*social process type by Sykes & Matza
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| Psychological theory of crime p 89 | * product of dysfunctional personality; defective mental processes.
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| Individual rights advocates p 693, 12 | *one who seeks to protect personal freedoms w/in process of criminal justice.
* balance rights of individual vs society
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| Categories of crimes p 120 | 1. Felony
2. Misdemeanor
3. Offenses
4. Treason & espionage
5. Inchoate offenses
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| Felony p 120 | * serious crimes: murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, burglary, & arson
*criminal offense punishable by death.
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| Misdemeanor p 121 | * minor crime: petty theft (little value), simple assault (no injury, no intent), breaking & entering, disorderly conduct, disturbing peace, bad checks
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| Offenses (infraction) p 121 | minor violations less serious than misdemeanor, eg, jaywalking, spitting on sidewalk, littering
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| Treason p 121 | US citizen helps foreign government overthrow, make war against or seriously injure US
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| Espionage p 122 | gathering, transmitting or losing infor related to national defense & becomes available to enemies of US
* may be committed by non-US citizen
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| Inchoate Offense p 122 | "incomplete or partial"; not been fully carried out; conspiracies, attempt to commit a crime
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| Actus Reus p 123 | The Criminal Act; an act in violation of the law; a guilty act.
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| Mass murder p 45 | killing of 4+ victims at one location within one event
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| Spree killing p 45 | killings at 2+ locations with almost no time break between murders
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| Serial murder p 45 | happens over time & involves killing of several victims in 3+ separate events
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| Stages of Criminal Justice System p 29, 18-22 AND Inside Cover of book | 1. Investigation
2. Arrest
3. Booking
4. 1st appearance
5. defendant's preliminary hearing
6. return of indictment
7. arraignment
8. adjudication or trial
9. sentencing
10. corrections
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| Clearance rate p 44 | proportion of reported crimes that have been solved
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| Tennessee v Garner (1985) p 281 | use of deadly force to prevent escape of ALL felony suspects is constitutionally unreasonable.
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| Grass eater v Meat eater p 270 | *Knapp Commission - 2 types of corrupt police officers.
*Grass eating - common form, illegitimate activity occurs time to time (bribes or services).
*Meat eater - serious corruption, actively seek illicit moneymaking opportunities.
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| Miranda Rights p 18 | *Constitutional rights - remain silent; anything said used against you; right to lawyer; appointed lawyer if can't afford; right to stop answering; do you wish to talk; do you want lawyer.
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| Sir Robert Peele p 136, 152 | *British Prime minister who's assistant, Edward Drummond, was assassinated in mistaken identity.
* Formed 1st modern police force 1829, aka, new police, "bobbies"
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| Substantive law (vs procedural law) p 117 | part of the law that defines crimes & specifies punishments.
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| Procedural law (vs Substantive law) p 117 | part of the law that specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law.
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| Motive p 124 | a person's reason for committing a crime.
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| Hate crimes p 62-4 | defendant's conduct motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice based on actual/perceived race, color, religion, nation origin, ethnicity, gender
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| Features of Crime p 123 | 1. Criminal act (Actus Reus)
2. Culpable mental state (mens rea)
3. concurrence of the two
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| Sutherland, Edwin 1939 p 64, 96-7, | crime in suites (corporate offices) rivaled importance of street crime in its impact on society (white collar crime).
* Published "Principles of Criminology" - theory of Differential Association (child raised in crime didn't know better); deviant behavio
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| Public Order Advocates p 12 | interests of society take precident over individual rights
*balance between public order v individual rights
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| Concurrent sentence p 21 | sentences served at the same time
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| Consecutive sentences p 21 | sentences served in sequence, one after the other
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| Waiving your rights p 249 | suspect waives Miranda rights voluntarily through knowing and intelligent waiver; must first be advised of rights.
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| Grand juries p 19 | grand jury determine whether sufficient evidence to bring to trial
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| Preliminary hearings p 19 | to establish whether sufficient evidence exists to continue justice process. Judge will determine if probable cause of crime & that defendant committed it.
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| Civil suits p 118 | relationships between parties; sue for payment of damages (vs criminal suit is for prison time).
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| Bill of Rights p 22-3 | 1st ten amendments to US Constitution; aka, Due Process. specifically, 5th, 6th & 14th amendments.
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| Individual Rights from page 23 Table 1-1 | innocent until proven guilty, no unreasonable searches, no arrest w/out probable cause, no self-incrimination, no physical harm, attorney, trial by jury, know charges, speedy trial, due process, cross-examine, no cruel punishment, no excessive bail/fines.
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| 4th Amendment p 219 | No unreasonable searches & seizures.
No arrest w/out probable cause.
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| 5th Amendment p 219 | No self-incrimination
No double jeopardy
Right to due process
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| 6th Amendment p 291 | Speedy trial
Jury trial
Know the charges
Cross-examine witnesses
Right to a lawyer
Compel/force witnesses on one's behalf
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| 8th Amendment p 219 | Reasonable bail
No excessive fines
No cruel & unusual punishments
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| 14th Amendment p 219 | Applicability of constitutional rights to all citizens, regardless of state law or procedure
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| UCR and NIBRS p 35 | Uniform Crime Reporting & National Incident-Based Reporting system run by FBI; publishes annual summary of incidence & rate of reported crimes in US.
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| Behavioral Conditioning p 89 | * Psychological theory of crime.
* Frequency of behavior can be increased/decreased through reward, punishment & associated stimuli, eg, Pavlov dogs
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| Victimology p 706 | Scientific study of crime victims & victimization process; a subfield of criminology.
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| USA Patriot Act of 2001 p 257 | result of 2001 terrorist activities; increased investigatory authority of police; longer jail terms for suspects arrested w/out warrant; sneak & peek search; tap phones, track Internet usage, crack down on money laundering, protect US borders.
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| Police Working Personality p 699 p 201-2 | Aspects of traditional values & patterns of behavior by police who've socialized into police subculture (p 196).
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| Less-lethal weapons p 695 | A weapon that is designed to disable, capture or immobilize--but not kill--a suspect.
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| Female victimization p 59-60 | * Women victimized LESS than men in every category EXCEPT rape.
* Women are more likely to be injured in a violent crime than are men.
* Domestic violence largest cause of injury.
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| Police Chiefs - chain of command p 186 | Police chief is the top of the command chain.
The order of authority within the department.
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| Private Police (vs Public Police) p 174 | * aka, Private Protective Service
* Work for corporate or private employers (vs government).
* Secure private interests (vs enforce public laws)
* Outnumber public officers 3:1
* Funded by private organization (vs taxpayers).
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| Pleasure Pain Principle internet; p 82 | * Theory of criminology
* Rational choice - individuals choose to commit crime when benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying law.
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| Proactive vs Reactive policing p 180+ ?? | * Proactive = Crime prevention; anticipate crime & act to reduce/remove it.
* Reactive = responding to incident calls & doing criminal investigations
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| Murder p 44 | * Unlawful killing of one human by another, aka, homicide
* Includes 1st & 2nd degree murder, manslaughter, involuntary manslaughte
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