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AJS101 midterm
Intro to Criminal Justice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Criminology p.25 | Scientific study of causes & prevention of crime; and, rehabilitation & punishment of offenders. |
| Terry v Ohio (1968) p 228, 233 | * stop & frisk/request personal id * search on reasonable suspicion |
| Vigilantism p 153 (204, 378) | * act of taking the law into one's own hands. |
| Plain View Seizure p 227, 229 (230) | * objects falling in plain view of officer who has right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure & may be introduced into evidence. * officer had probable cause evidence associated w/ criminal activity. |
| Procedural Law p 20-1, *READ p 120 | * type of evidence that may be submitted, credentials of who representing state/defendant, & what jury can hear. |
| Alibis p 683 | statement/contention by individual charged w/ crime the he was so distant when crime committed, his participation in crime was impossible. |
| FBI p 159 (162-3) | * Protect & defend US against terrorist & foreign intelligence threats. *Uphold & enforce US criminal laws * provide leadership & services to other agencies. |
| Techniques of Neutralization (Criminology theory) p 80, 99 | * Offenders shed feelings of guilt & responsibility for behavior *denial of responsibility, injury, the victim; condemn the cops; appeal to higher loyalties. *social process type by Sykes & Matza |
| Psychological theory of crime p 89 | * product of dysfunctional personality; defective mental processes. |
| Individual rights advocates p 693, 12 | *one who seeks to protect personal freedoms w/in process of criminal justice. * balance rights of individual vs society |
| Categories of crimes p 120 | 1. Felony 2. Misdemeanor 3. Offenses 4. Treason & espionage 5. Inchoate offenses |
| Felony p 120 | * serious crimes: murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, burglary, & arson *criminal offense punishable by death. |
| Misdemeanor p 121 | * minor crime: petty theft (little value), simple assault (no injury, no intent), breaking & entering, disorderly conduct, disturbing peace, bad checks |
| Offenses (infraction) p 121 | minor violations less serious than misdemeanor, eg, jaywalking, spitting on sidewalk, littering |
| Treason p 121 | US citizen helps foreign government overthrow, make war against or seriously injure US |
| Espionage p 122 | gathering, transmitting or losing infor related to national defense & becomes available to enemies of US * may be committed by non-US citizen |
| Inchoate Offense p 122 | "incomplete or partial"; not been fully carried out; conspiracies, attempt to commit a crime |
| Actus Reus p 123 | The Criminal Act; an act in violation of the law; a guilty act. |
| Mass murder p 45 | killing of 4+ victims at one location within one event |
| Spree killing p 45 | killings at 2+ locations with almost no time break between murders |
| Serial murder p 45 | happens over time & involves killing of several victims in 3+ separate events |
| Stages of Criminal Justice System p 29, 18-22 AND Inside Cover of book | 1. Investigation 2. Arrest 3. Booking 4. 1st appearance 5. defendant's preliminary hearing 6. return of indictment 7. arraignment 8. adjudication or trial 9. sentencing 10. corrections |
| Clearance rate p 44 | proportion of reported crimes that have been solved |
| Tennessee v Garner (1985) p 281 | use of deadly force to prevent escape of ALL felony suspects is constitutionally unreasonable. |
| Grass eater v Meat eater p 270 | *Knapp Commission - 2 types of corrupt police officers. *Grass eating - common form, illegitimate activity occurs time to time (bribes or services). *Meat eater - serious corruption, actively seek illicit moneymaking opportunities. |
| Miranda Rights p 18 | *Constitutional rights - remain silent; anything said used against you; right to lawyer; appointed lawyer if can't afford; right to stop answering; do you wish to talk; do you want lawyer. |
| Sir Robert Peele p 136, 152 | *British Prime minister who's assistant, Edward Drummond, was assassinated in mistaken identity. * Formed 1st modern police force 1829, aka, new police, "bobbies" |
| Substantive law (vs procedural law) p 117 | part of the law that defines crimes & specifies punishments. |
| Procedural law (vs Substantive law) p 117 | part of the law that specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law. |
| Motive p 124 | a person's reason for committing a crime. |
| Hate crimes p 62-4 | defendant's conduct motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice based on actual/perceived race, color, religion, nation origin, ethnicity, gender |
| Features of Crime p 123 | 1. Criminal act (Actus Reus) 2. Culpable mental state (mens rea) 3. concurrence of the two |
| Sutherland, Edwin 1939 p 64, 96-7, | crime in suites (corporate offices) rivaled importance of street crime in its impact on society (white collar crime). * Published "Principles of Criminology" - theory of Differential Association (child raised in crime didn't know better); deviant behavio |
| Public Order Advocates p 12 | interests of society take precident over individual rights *balance between public order v individual rights |
| Concurrent sentence p 21 | sentences served at the same time |
| Consecutive sentences p 21 | sentences served in sequence, one after the other |
| Waiving your rights p 249 | suspect waives Miranda rights voluntarily through knowing and intelligent waiver; must first be advised of rights. |
| Grand juries p 19 | grand jury determine whether sufficient evidence to bring to trial |
| Preliminary hearings p 19 | to establish whether sufficient evidence exists to continue justice process. Judge will determine if probable cause of crime & that defendant committed it. |
| Civil suits p 118 | relationships between parties; sue for payment of damages (vs criminal suit is for prison time). |
| Bill of Rights p 22-3 | 1st ten amendments to US Constitution; aka, Due Process. specifically, 5th, 6th & 14th amendments. |
| Individual Rights from page 23 Table 1-1 | innocent until proven guilty, no unreasonable searches, no arrest w/out probable cause, no self-incrimination, no physical harm, attorney, trial by jury, know charges, speedy trial, due process, cross-examine, no cruel punishment, no excessive bail/fines. |
| 4th Amendment p 219 | No unreasonable searches & seizures. No arrest w/out probable cause. |
| 5th Amendment p 219 | No self-incrimination No double jeopardy Right to due process |
| 6th Amendment p 291 | Speedy trial Jury trial Know the charges Cross-examine witnesses Right to a lawyer Compel/force witnesses on one's behalf |
| 8th Amendment p 219 | Reasonable bail No excessive fines No cruel & unusual punishments |
| 14th Amendment p 219 | Applicability of constitutional rights to all citizens, regardless of state law or procedure |
| UCR and NIBRS p 35 | Uniform Crime Reporting & National Incident-Based Reporting system run by FBI; publishes annual summary of incidence & rate of reported crimes in US. |
| Behavioral Conditioning p 89 | * Psychological theory of crime. * Frequency of behavior can be increased/decreased through reward, punishment & associated stimuli, eg, Pavlov dogs |
| Victimology p 706 | Scientific study of crime victims & victimization process; a subfield of criminology. |
| USA Patriot Act of 2001 p 257 | result of 2001 terrorist activities; increased investigatory authority of police; longer jail terms for suspects arrested w/out warrant; sneak & peek search; tap phones, track Internet usage, crack down on money laundering, protect US borders. |
| Police Working Personality p 699 p 201-2 | Aspects of traditional values & patterns of behavior by police who've socialized into police subculture (p 196). |
| Less-lethal weapons p 695 | A weapon that is designed to disable, capture or immobilize--but not kill--a suspect. |
| Female victimization p 59-60 | * Women victimized LESS than men in every category EXCEPT rape. * Women are more likely to be injured in a violent crime than are men. * Domestic violence largest cause of injury. * |
| Police Chiefs - chain of command p 186 | Police chief is the top of the command chain. The order of authority within the department. |
| Private Police (vs Public Police) p 174 | * aka, Private Protective Service * Work for corporate or private employers (vs government). * Secure private interests (vs enforce public laws) * Outnumber public officers 3:1 * Funded by private organization (vs taxpayers). |
| Pleasure Pain Principle internet; p 82 | * Theory of criminology * Rational choice - individuals choose to commit crime when benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying law. |
| Proactive vs Reactive policing p 180+ ?? | * Proactive = Crime prevention; anticipate crime & act to reduce/remove it. * Reactive = responding to incident calls & doing criminal investigations |
| Murder p 44 | * Unlawful killing of one human by another, aka, homicide * Includes 1st & 2nd degree murder, manslaughter, involuntary manslaughte |
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