Final Exam Study Guide
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| External force and health | culture; community; family; biosphere
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| Future goal for health care | increasing one’s optimal level of wellness, Health Promotion
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| Role of nurse in health promotion | collaborator
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| Benefits of exercise | improved cardiac output
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| Examples of health restoration/tertiary care | cane or hearing aid
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| Objective of health promotion | achieve an optimum level of wellness
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| What can change one’s behavior | internal and external forces
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| Internal forces | body systems, mind, neurochemistry, heredity
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| External forces | culture, community, family, biosphere
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| Goal in health restoration | regain lost function and develop new, compensatory skills, possibly with the use of an assistive device; help clients attain the maximal level of health
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| Functions of culture | gives groups of individuals a style of thinking, a way of organizing, and a guide for human interaction; influences diet, eating practices, how we raise our children, pain perception, and reactions to stress and death
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| Define folkways | the customs within the culture that determine how we greet one another
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| Define race | a group of people sharing certain physical characteristics including skin, color, hair texture, facial shape, and/or body shape or size
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| Define cultural awareness | understanding of culture, race, and ethnicity of diverse minority groups; and learning the cultural values and beliefs of the client and how they cope with difficulties and solve problems
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| Define assimilation | when the subgroups within the dominant culture over time take on the values, beliefs, moral code, and patterns of the dominant group as a way of adapting
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| Cultural practices of Arabs | touch only with same gender, see illness as punishment for sin, strict adherence to diet and mealtimes, with periods of fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
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| How do you determine ethnic origin | ask the client
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| Define culture | refers to all of the learned patterns of behavior passed down through the generations and influences our thinking, decisions, and actions; (includes one’s customs)
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| Good discipline for 2 year old | eliminate temptation; supervise; redirect; calmly say “no”; use time out
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| Define functional family | one that fosters the growth and development of its members
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| Grief support | offer self and support; avoid clichés; recognize that time is needed for healing; be nonjudgmental; suggest professional help
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| What holds a family together | meeting each family member’s needs for love, belonging, and security; (personal fulfillment of the members)
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| Birth order | ordinal position affects the child’s perception of and response to the world
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| Laissez faire type family | offers its members complete freedom; children do not learn the rules that teach impulse control
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| What is a basic family function | protection
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| Reproduction and family | the means by which the family survives and passes its genes to succeeding generations
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| Advantages of extended family | there may be sharing of roles and resources; elders can assist with childrearing
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| Define empty nest | older children leave the home; parents now shift their focus from caring for the children to caring for each other once again
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| Define communication | an interaction between two or more persons, an exchange of ideas, information, feelings, or emotions; it can be complex, dynamic, and ongoing
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| A professional experience can communicate | pride and competence
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| What indicates a willingness to communicate | open posture: sits relaxed, with hands and legs uncrossed, facing another individual
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| Define therapeutic communication | purposeful and goal oriented; promotes trust and good rapport; is open until the goals are reached
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| Define genuineness | being yourself; open and truthful; communicates caring
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| Define empathy | shows that you understand a person’s feelings and view the world as they do; allows you to stay in control of the interaction and act with confidence
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| Communicate with hearing impaired | it is best to speak slowly, face the person, and use sign language to emphasize the message
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| Define development | the progressive acquisition of skills and the capacity to function; is qualitative and proceeds from the general to the specific
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| Pattern of growth and development | orderly from simple to complex; one task must be accomplished before the next one
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| Define personality | consists of the behavior patterns that distinguish one person from another-the individual’s style of behavior
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| Driving force behind human behavior | personality
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| Another name for conscience | superego
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| Foundation for healthy personality | infancy and childhood are the critical periods for development and change
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| Define egocentric child | a child with self-centered thoughts or actions
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| When is self actualization achieved | when one’s full potential has been achieved
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| Two influences of growth and development | heredity and environment
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| Inherited characteristics determined when | fertilization of the ovum
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| Crying infants | fretfully with fingers in mouth-hungry; fretfully, flexed legs, and pass flatus-colic; high-pitched, shrill cry-injured CNS
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| Define attachment | emotional bonds between the mother and child
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| What indicates a hip dysplasia | an extra gluteal fold in the lower extremities
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| Define meconium | newborn’s first stool; is thick, green-black, tarry, and odorless
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| When do testes descend into the scrotum | seventh month of fetal life
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| What causes jaundice | destruction of excess RBC’s in newborn causing a release of high amounts of bilirubin
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| Define sutures | bands of cartilage that separate the skull bones in the newborn
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| Normal umbilical cord has what | one vein, two arteries
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| Normal growth for a 2 year old | 3 inches and 3 to 6 pounds per year; slow and steady
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| Why are children prone to accidents | because of their natural curiosity and explorative behavior
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| Why is the toddler potbellied | large belly and exaggerated lumbar curve (lordosis); child’s extremities grow faster than the trunk
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| Define greenstick fracture | the bone is angulated beyond the limits of normal bending, the bones are still soft and pliable so greenstick fracture occurs
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| When is hand dominance determined | by 15 months
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| When should a child be bladder trained | when the child has reached a certain degree of maturity in the muscles including sphincter control and maturation of the sensory centers of the brain
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| Discipline in toddler years | use a simple “no” followed by diversion, be constant and reinforce limitations
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| Define object permanence | the understanding that things will not disappear even if they cannot be seen
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| Define symbolic play | the emergence of make-believe and pretense
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| Normal growth of 18 month old | slow and steady
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| Growth pattern of preschool children | slow and steady; gain 5 to 7 pounds and grow 2 ½ to 3 inches; the rate of growth for the extremities is faster than for the trunk
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| Why are preschool children slender in appearance | loss of some subcutaneous or adipose tissue
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| Define associative play | requires that children be able to understand limited rules; they begin to share and take turns
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| Outcome of thumb sucking | prolonged sucking may cause malalignment of the teeth
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| Age can identify color and depth | fully established by age 5
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| 5 year old walking down steps | use alternating feet while descending stairs
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| Fears of preschool child | the dark, mutilation, abandonment
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| School age and respiratory infection | increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections due to exposure to a greater number of microorganisms at school
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| 10 year old thinking pattern | concrete operational thought; seriation; can understand time, space and dimension
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| Play of school age child | use of cooperation and compromise; team play usually is with groups of the same sex and may be competitive in nature
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| Define seriation | being able to place items according to size
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| Define reciprocity | concern for others
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| Growth and development of school age | begins slow and steady and ends with a growth spurt just at the time of puberty; grow 2 to 3 inches; 4.5 to 6.5 pounds per year
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| Outcome of sleep deprivation in school age | academic performances and social relationships will suffer
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| School age fine motor development | girls perfect their fine motor skills before boys perfect theirs
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| In girls puberty ends | with the onset of menses
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| Define adolescent period | refers to a transitional period that begins with sexual maturity and ends with cessation of growth and the movement toward emotional maturity; adolescence is from Latin and means “to grow and mature”
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| Define bulimia | eating disorder characterized by a series of eating binges followed by periods of purging or self-induced vomiting
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| Signs of depression | crying spells; insomnia; eating disorders; isolation; acting out; school phobias; underachievement, substance abuse; hopelessness; somatic complaints; loss of interest in appearance; giving away possessions
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| Changes in body during puberty | rapid physical growth; changes in body proportions; development of primary sex characteristics; development of secondary sex characteristics
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| What are the secondary sex characteristics | characteristics that play no direct role in reproduction
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| What causes deepening of the voice in boys | the larynx and the vocal cords increase in size
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| Early adulthood is a period of | choosing and establishing careers, fulfilling sexual needs, establishing home and families, expanding social circles, and developing maturity
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| Define presbyopia | the decreased ability to see objects clearly at close distance, occurs with advancing age
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| Changes in bone in early adulthood | although bone growth stops, bone cells are replaced at the site of any injury; peak bone mass is attained by age 35
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| Cardiovascular changes in early adulthood | maximum cardiac output is reached between ages 20 to 30; the heart muscles thicken with fat deposits in the blood vessels producing a decreased blood flow; heart and vessels become less elastic with advancing age
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| Hearing loss in early adult | after age 20 there is a gradual hearing loss, particularly for high-frequency tones
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| Classes of pap smears | (1)the absence of abnormal cells; (2)atypical but nonmalignant cells; (3)abnormal cells; (4)cells that are possibly but not definitively malignant; (5)conclusive for cancer
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| When to perform self breast exams | once a month about 1 week after the end of the menstrual period
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| Most common dental problem in young adult | eruption of wisdom teeth; gingivitis
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| Define reaction time | the speed at which a person responds to a stimulus
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| Define vital capacity | the ability of the lungs to move air in and out
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| When does menopause begin | between 45 and 55 years of age
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| Bones and middle age | Bones lose mass as a result of demineralization. This results in more porous, brittle bones, producing osteoporosis
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| What causes a decrease in peripheral vision | the optic lens becomes thicker and more opaque
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| What is today’s grandparent like | youthful in appearance and outlook; some are still actively working or fulfilling lifelong dreams
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| What causes wrinkles | the cells in the dermis become less elastic
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| What causes an increase in blood pressure in middle age | heart disease
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| What happens to weight in middle years | it becomes redistributed
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| Self absorption in middle years | failure to achieve generativity results in self-absorption and stagnation; may lead to depression and acting-out behavior
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| Define young old | 65-74 years old
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| What can predict one’s life expectancy | the ages of one’s biological parents
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| Safety in older adult is a concern why | decreased auditory and visual acuity, gait changes, and neurological disorders increase an older person’s risk of falling; normal circulatory and skin changes make their skin more prone to injury
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| Depression in older adult | multiple losses, disease, and medication may lead to depression in the older age group; symptoms include hopelessness and profound sadness
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| Why does the incidence of choking increase in older people | diminished gag reflex
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| Tooth loss in the geriatric | not a consequence of the aging process but a result of poor care leading to disease
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| Memory in the older adult | shows slight changes; problems in memory are from disease
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| Hearing loss in older adult | presbycusis; loss of high frequency sounds
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| When is there a shift in roles of older adult married couples | physical or emotional illness; retirement; death of a spouse; divorce
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| Define ageism | discrimination against older persons
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