Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System
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| What is Ankylosis? | fixation of a joint, usually in an abnormal position resulting from destruction of articular cartilage or subchondral bone.
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| What is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints? | Articular cartilage
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| What is Arthrocentesis? | puncture of a joint with a needle to withdraw synovial fluid used for diagnostic purposes
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| What is Arthrodesis? | Surgical fusion of a joint so that it is no longer capable of movement
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| What is Arthroplasty? | repair or refashioning of one or both sides, parts, or specific tissue within a joint.
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| What is a bipolar hip replacement? | prosthetic implant used to replace the femoral head and neck in fractures when the vascular supply to the femoral head is or may become compromised
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| What is a Callus? | bony deposits formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone during healing
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| What is a Colles fracture? | a fracture of the distal portion of the radius within 1 inch of the wrist
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| What causes Colles fractures? | A strong force pushing the hand into the forearm
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| What is Compartment Syndrome? | pathologic condition caused by progressive development of arterial vessel compression and reduced blood supply to an extremity
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| What is Fibromyalgia? | a musculoskeletal chronic pain syndrome of unknown etiology that causes pain in the muscles, bones or joints
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| What is Kyphosis? | an abnormal condition of the vertebral column, characterized by increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine humpback appearance)
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| What is Lordosis? | an increase in the curve at the lumbar space region that throws the shoulders back (Lordly or kingly appearance)
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| What is an Open reduction with external fixation? | - a surgical procedure allowing fracture alignment under direct visualization while using various internal fixation devices applied to the bone
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| What is Scoliosis? | curvature of the spine usually consisting of two curves; the original abnormal curve and a compensatory curve in the opposite direction (Lateral “S”)
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| What is Sequestrum? | a fragment of necrotic bone that is partially or entirely detached from the adjacent healthy bone
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| Sequestrum is a complication of what disease? | Osteomyelitis
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| What is Subluxation? | One or more of the bones of the spine move out of position and create pressure/irritate spinal nerves. This pressure/irritation on the nerves causes them to malfunction and interfere with signals nerve signals (caused by dislocation/stretching)
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| What are Tophi? | calculi containing sodium urate deposits that develop in periarticular fibrous tissue
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| What is a Volkmanns contracture? | a permanent contracture with clawhand; flexion of wrist and fingers and atrophy of the forearm that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow (ischemia) to the forearm
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| What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system? | *Support *Protection *Movement *Mineral Storage *Hematopoiesis
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| How many bones are there in the skeletal system? | 206
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| What are the bone classifications? | (Classified on shape) *Long - extremities *Short - hands & feet *Flat - skull and sternum *Irregular - vertebrae
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| What bones are found in the Axial skeleton? | *Skull *Hyoid Bone *Vertebral Column *Thorax
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| What bones are found in the Appendicular skeleton? | *Upper Extremities *Lower Extremities *Shoulder Girdle *Pelvic Girdle (excluding the sacrum)
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| What are the 3 types of joints? | (S.A.D.) *Synarthrosis (No Movement) *Amphiarthrosis (Slight Movement) *Diarthrosis (Free Movement)
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| What are the 3 functions of muscle? | *Motion *Maintenance of posture *Production of heat (85%)
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| What are the 3 layers of connective tissue that surround muscle fibers? | *Epimysium *Perimysium *Endomysium
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| The epimysium, perimesium and endomesium extend beyond the muscle to form what? | A tendon
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| What are the 9 types of body movement? | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion
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| What are the '7 Ps' in neurovascular assessment? | *Pulselessness *Paresthesia *Paralysis *Polar Temperature *Pallor *Puffiness (edema) *Pain
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| Fill in the blanks: Usually ____ artery, ____ veins and ____ nerve penetrate a particular muscle. | One, Two, One
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| What is a motor unit? | The union of a muscle cell and a motor neuron
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| What is the specific neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle tissue? | Acetylcholine
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| What breaks down Acetylcholine once it has transfered the message and allows the muscle cell to relax between impulses? | Cholinesterase
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| What is an X-ray used for in musculoskeletal diagnosis? | used to determine presence of fluid, irregularity or change in contour of joint. Also, to determine presence of bone fractures.
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| What is a Myelogram? | the injection of a radiopaque dye into the subarachnoid space at the lumbar spine to detect the presence of herniated disks, or tumors
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| What is the most common discomfort post procedure for myelogram? (Think of spinal procedures) | Headache
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| If an oil based dye is used in a myelogram, what must the PT do? | lie flat for 12 hours
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| What is a MRI used to diagnose? | pathological conditions of the cerebrum and spinal cord (45-60 min)
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| What is a CT scan? | Body sections can be examined from many different angles using a CT scanner; a three dimensional picture of the structure being studied is made
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| What is a Bone Scan? | This test involves the intravenous administration of nuclides 2-3 hours before the test is scheduled. A scanning camera detects the areas concentration of radionuclide uptake which may represent a tumor or other abnormality
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| What are bone scans especially valuable in detecting? | metastatic and inflammatory bone disease (osteomyelitis)
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| What is an Endoscopic Spinal Microsurgery and who is it effective for? | Surgery to spine with less damage to surrounding tissues. Effective for those with herniated disks, spinal stenosis, and spinal deformities such as scoliosis and kyphosis.
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