Pascal Laplace flow pressure force tension
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| Pressure equals | Force exerted by atoms and molecules
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| Pressure is generated by | Ke
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| Speed direction and movement of atoms and molecules | Not constant and varies
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| Pressure equation | Pressure = force/area
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| English unit of pressure | Pound
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| Pound is not a unit of | Mass
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| English unit of force | Lbs per sq feet or lbs per sq inch
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| Si means | System international
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| Si unit of pressure | Newton per sq meter
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| Newton per sq meter is aka | Pascal or kilo pascal kPa
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| One atmosphere equal | 101.3 Kpa or 14.69 lbs per sq inch
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| Desflurane is under how much pressure? | 2atm or 1500mmhg ( why mmHg?)
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| Cylinder pressure | Sum of all molecular forces in a close container
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| Pressure in cylinder is measured in | Psig
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| Empty cylinder pressure inside is what | 750 psig same as atmospheric pressure
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| Full tank of n20 | 745psig
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| Full tank of O2 | 1900 to 2200 psig
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| Gauge that measure pipeline or cylinder | Bourdon gauge
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| Bourdon gauge has no fluid so it's a | Aneroid
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| Mechanism of bourdon gauge | Hollow metal bent into curve sealed and linked to clock like mechanism
As pressure increases tube straightens out causing into read higher pressure
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| Who regulated bourdon gauge | ASTM aka American society for testing and measuring
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| What are the regulation set forth by the ASTM | Must have a 38 mm diameter, loweest pressure between 6 and 9 o'clock and name and color of gas been gauge
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| Other units of pressure which isn't gas | MmHg or torr or cmH2o
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| Mmgh or torr used for | Tourniquet or BP cuff
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| On anesthesia machine high pressure or continuos pressure is measured in what? | Cm of water
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| Three physics principles in liquids | 1. Proportional pressure and height. High then high pressure and vice versa
2. Pressure in liquid increases with depth below surface
3. At given depth pressure is equal in all directions
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| Turp can cause what | Dilutional hypo natremia
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| Etiology of dilutional hypo natremia due to Turp | Absorption of irrigating fluid by open venous channels Due to the height of irrigating fluid. Higher the bag higher the absorption .
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| Pressure reliefe valve anesthesia machine is located where? | Near common gas outlet,
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| Pressure relieve valve opens | To atmosphere and releases fresh gas when preset gas is exceeded
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| Reliefe valve limit the machine to do what? | Deliver jet ventilation
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| Inspiratory andexpiratory valves are what? | Unidirectional
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| Unidirectional valves contain what | Disks that rise and fall.
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| Incompetence of unidirectional is not | Uncommon! System can be cleaned.
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| Pressure reducing valves aka | Pressure regulators
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| Mechanism of pressure regulators | Balance the force of spring against force from compressed gas
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| Where does surface tension occur | At air/liquid interface
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| Surface tension is what | The attractive forces between molecules at surface of liquid
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| Surface tension creates what? | Barrier between air and liquid, fast prevents liquid evaporation, allows certain insects to walk on water
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| Measurement of surface tension | Dynes per cm at 20 deg C
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| Dynes is a unit of what? | Force
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| Thin film of liquid in lungs tends to do what | Create surface tension and collapse the lung
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| What prevents collapse of lung | Surfactant
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| Surfactant is secreted by? | Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
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| Surfactant works how? | Decrease surface tension, decrease cohesive forces
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| 3 physiological benefits of surfactant? | 1.increase overall lung compliance
2. Reduce tendency of small alveolar to dump into larger
3. Reduce fluid leak from pulmonary capillaries (pulmonary edema)
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| Si unit of pressure? | Pascal or newton per sq meter or Kpa
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| Pascals principle states? | Pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid ( water balloon) that pressure is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing wall
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| Pascals pressure principles has to do with what? | Aneurism
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| Pressure exerted by force of heart contraction is distributed | Undiminished throughout vascular system
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| Pressure at a weak point of a vessel | Has higher pressure acting upon it, may cause rupture and dissect
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| Law of Laplace has to do with what? | Pressure, surface tension, radius
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| Laplace law and alveoli | Magnitude of inward pressure is equal to twice the surface tension divided by the radius
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| Laplace equation | P = 2T/R
P is dynes/cm pressure
T is surface tension dynes/cm
R is radius
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| Laplace implies what in respect to alveoli | Larger surface tension involves a larger force pushing inward into alveoli
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| Relationship of radius and force | Small radius = large force so it's inversely related
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| Smaller alveoli with higher pressure does not collapse and fill larger alveoli why? | Surfactant
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| Surfactant acts on both small and large alveoli BUT | Has greater effect on smaller alveoli
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| Outcome of surfactant? | Surfactant reduces increased wall tension
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| During ohs what diverts the blood to cardio-bypass? | Aortic cross clamp
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| Mechanical response of left vent aortic cross claming is determined how? | Largely by intrinsic length tension velocity of myocardium
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| Tension equals? | Pressure x radius ( think after load)
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| After load is determined by? | Ventricular radius and systolic intra ventricular pressure
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| Cross clamping occurs during what? | OHS, abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy and infrarenal aortic cross clamping
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| Tube is? | Longer length than diameter
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| Orifice is? | Larger diameter than length
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| Rate of fluid flow through a tube is based on what 5 things? | 1. Radius or cross section
2. Pressure gradient difference between p1 and p2
3. Length of tube
4. Viscosity
5. Density of fluid
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| Flow equation of gas or liquid | Flow = quantity of liquid / time
F = Q / time
Quantity of material per unit of time is flow.
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| Flow rate is proportional to what? | Pressure
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| Flow in respect to diameter ? | Halfing the diameter reduces flow to one sixteenth 1/16 of original
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| Length of tube in respect to flow? | Cut length in 1/2 and you DOUBLE the flow
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| Most profound impact on flow comes from? | Diameter
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| Meniscus shapes? | Convex or concave
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| Convexity or concoveity based on what? | Molecular interaction of liquid and glass.
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| Convex meniscus | Hg for example to interaction with glass does not wet glass
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| Concave meniscus | Surface tension of Liquid like water interact with glass and sides are pulled up, " wets" the glass.
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