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Nu624 chem phys
Pascal Laplace flow pressure force tension
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pressure equals | Force exerted by atoms and molecules |
| Pressure is generated by | Ke |
| Speed direction and movement of atoms and molecules | Not constant and varies |
| Pressure equation | Pressure = force/area |
| English unit of pressure | Pound |
| Pound is not a unit of | Mass |
| English unit of force | Lbs per sq feet or lbs per sq inch |
| Si means | System international |
| Si unit of pressure | Newton per sq meter |
| Newton per sq meter is aka | Pascal or kilo pascal kPa |
| One atmosphere equal | 101.3 Kpa or 14.69 lbs per sq inch |
| Desflurane is under how much pressure? | 2atm or 1500mmhg ( why mmHg?) |
| Cylinder pressure | Sum of all molecular forces in a close container |
| Pressure in cylinder is measured in | Psig |
| Empty cylinder pressure inside is what | 750 psig same as atmospheric pressure |
| Full tank of n20 | 745psig |
| Full tank of O2 | 1900 to 2200 psig |
| Gauge that measure pipeline or cylinder | Bourdon gauge |
| Bourdon gauge has no fluid so it's a | Aneroid |
| Mechanism of bourdon gauge | Hollow metal bent into curve sealed and linked to clock like mechanism As pressure increases tube straightens out causing into read higher pressure |
| Who regulated bourdon gauge | ASTM aka American society for testing and measuring |
| What are the regulation set forth by the ASTM | Must have a 38 mm diameter, loweest pressure between 6 and 9 o'clock and name and color of gas been gauge |
| Other units of pressure which isn't gas | MmHg or torr or cmH2o |
| Mmgh or torr used for | Tourniquet or BP cuff |
| On anesthesia machine high pressure or continuos pressure is measured in what? | Cm of water |
| Three physics principles in liquids | 1. Proportional pressure and height. High then high pressure and vice versa 2. Pressure in liquid increases with depth below surface 3. At given depth pressure is equal in all directions |
| Turp can cause what | Dilutional hypo natremia |
| Etiology of dilutional hypo natremia due to Turp | Absorption of irrigating fluid by open venous channels Due to the height of irrigating fluid. Higher the bag higher the absorption . |
| Pressure reliefe valve anesthesia machine is located where? | Near common gas outlet, |
| Pressure relieve valve opens | To atmosphere and releases fresh gas when preset gas is exceeded |
| Reliefe valve limit the machine to do what? | Deliver jet ventilation |
| Inspiratory andexpiratory valves are what? | Unidirectional |
| Unidirectional valves contain what | Disks that rise and fall. |
| Incompetence of unidirectional is not | Uncommon! System can be cleaned. |
| Pressure reducing valves aka | Pressure regulators |
| Mechanism of pressure regulators | Balance the force of spring against force from compressed gas |
| Where does surface tension occur | At air/liquid interface |
| Surface tension is what | The attractive forces between molecules at surface of liquid |
| Surface tension creates what? | Barrier between air and liquid, fast prevents liquid evaporation, allows certain insects to walk on water |
| Measurement of surface tension | Dynes per cm at 20 deg C |
| Dynes is a unit of what? | Force |
| Thin film of liquid in lungs tends to do what | Create surface tension and collapse the lung |
| What prevents collapse of lung | Surfactant |
| Surfactant is secreted by? | Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells |
| Surfactant works how? | Decrease surface tension, decrease cohesive forces |
| 3 physiological benefits of surfactant? | 1.increase overall lung compliance 2. Reduce tendency of small alveolar to dump into larger 3. Reduce fluid leak from pulmonary capillaries (pulmonary edema) |
| Si unit of pressure? | Pascal or newton per sq meter or Kpa |
| Pascals principle states? | Pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid ( water balloon) that pressure is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing wall |
| Pascals pressure principles has to do with what? | Aneurism |
| Pressure exerted by force of heart contraction is distributed | Undiminished throughout vascular system |
| Pressure at a weak point of a vessel | Has higher pressure acting upon it, may cause rupture and dissect |
| Law of Laplace has to do with what? | Pressure, surface tension, radius |
| Laplace law and alveoli | Magnitude of inward pressure is equal to twice the surface tension divided by the radius |
| Laplace equation | P = 2T/R P is dynes/cm pressure T is surface tension dynes/cm R is radius |
| Laplace implies what in respect to alveoli | Larger surface tension involves a larger force pushing inward into alveoli |
| Relationship of radius and force | Small radius = large force so it's inversely related |
| Smaller alveoli with higher pressure does not collapse and fill larger alveoli why? | Surfactant |
| Surfactant acts on both small and large alveoli BUT | Has greater effect on smaller alveoli |
| Outcome of surfactant? | Surfactant reduces increased wall tension |
| During ohs what diverts the blood to cardio-bypass? | Aortic cross clamp |
| Mechanical response of left vent aortic cross claming is determined how? | Largely by intrinsic length tension velocity of myocardium |
| Tension equals? | Pressure x radius ( think after load) |
| After load is determined by? | Ventricular radius and systolic intra ventricular pressure |
| Cross clamping occurs during what? | OHS, abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy and infrarenal aortic cross clamping |
| Tube is? | Longer length than diameter |
| Orifice is? | Larger diameter than length |
| Rate of fluid flow through a tube is based on what 5 things? | 1. Radius or cross section 2. Pressure gradient difference between p1 and p2 3. Length of tube 4. Viscosity 5. Density of fluid |
| Flow equation of gas or liquid | Flow = quantity of liquid / time F = Q / time Quantity of material per unit of time is flow. |
| Flow rate is proportional to what? | Pressure |
| Flow in respect to diameter ? | Halfing the diameter reduces flow to one sixteenth 1/16 of original |
| Length of tube in respect to flow? | Cut length in 1/2 and you DOUBLE the flow |
| Most profound impact on flow comes from? | Diameter |
| Meniscus shapes? | Convex or concave |
| Convexity or concoveity based on what? | Molecular interaction of liquid and glass. |
| Convex meniscus | Hg for example to interaction with glass does not wet glass |
| Concave meniscus | Surface tension of Liquid like water interact with glass and sides are pulled up, " wets" the glass. |
Created by:
Rooz
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