Psychology Terms (Ch.6)
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| a relatively permanent change in behavior, thoughts, or feelings that results from experience | learning
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| process by which we progressively decrease our response to stimuli with repeated exposure | habituation
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| complex set of preprogrammed responses; suggests response has some evolutionary value | instincts
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| preprogrammed response in which newly hatched chicks attach themselves to the first moving object near them | imprinting
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| a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response through conditioning (buzzer) | conditioned stimulus (CS)
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| a stimulus that reliably elicits a response (meat powder) | unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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| the response elicited by the UCS. (Salivation to meat powder) | unconditioned response (UR)
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| the response that the CS elicits AFTER conditioning. (Salivation to the buzzer alone after conditioning). | conditioned response (CR)
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| conditioned | learned
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| response | behavior
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| stimulus | part of the environment
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| the learning phase where the CS is paired with the UCS | acquisition
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| the unlearning phase where the CS is presented alone resulting in decreases of the CR | extinction
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| after extinction, the CR may quickly reappear when the CS is paired with the UCS once again | spontaneous recovery
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| stimuli that are similar to the CS will also elicit the CR | stimulus generalization
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| is critical for emotional conditioning | amygdala (central nucleus)
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| anything that increases behavior | reinforcement
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| anything that decreases behavior | punishment
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| a response that has some effect on the world | operant
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| a reward | positive reinforcer
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| an unpleasant stimulus that we wish to avoid or escape | negative reinforcer
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| introduction of an unpleasant stimulus (positive punishment) or removal of pleasant stimulus in an attempt to change behavior (negative punishment) | punishment
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| when a person is punished regardless of what they do, the individual may come to believe that there is no reason to do anything anymore; is linked to depression | learned helplessness
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| the longer the delay between the response and reinforcer, the weaker the operant conditioning | gradient of reinforcement
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| circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior | over justification effect
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| rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior; used in animal training | shaping
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| learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition | implicit learning
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