Exam-review1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | are unreliable approaches that do not use the scientific method
Examples of pseudopsychologies include:
Astrology: system that tries to relate personality to the movement of the stars
Palmistry: idea that reading a person’s character from the lines on
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| show | Description of behavior using careful observations
Explanation involves identifying the cause(s) of behavior
Prediction allows for specification of the conditions under which a behavior will occur or not
Psychological knowledge can be used to assist ch
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| show | Basic research seeks answers for theoretical questions
E.g. How is hunger controlled by the brain?
Can be done in the lab ‘bench research’
Applied research seeks answers for specific application problems
E.g. Organizational psychology studies leaders
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| show | Clinical
Educational
School
Industrial/organiz-ational
Developmental
Social
Comparative
Neuropsychology
Health psychology
Cognitive
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| show | An experiment involves a set of controlled conditions that aims to confirm a hypothesis
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| show | refers to a statement of cause and effect:
“Higher environmental temperatures lead to more aggression”
“Exposure to marijuana increases appetite”
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| show | Cause: Independent variable (IV)
Marijuana: Plain cigarette versus cigarette containing 5 mg of THC (the active ingredient in marijuana)
Effect: Dependent variable (DV)
Appetite: Grams of ice cream consumed in 1 hour
The experimenter manipulates the
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| Research Issues | show 🗑
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| show | refers to the systematic recording of behavior in a natural state or habitat
Jane Goodall observing apes in the wild
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| Surveys | show 🗑
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| case study | show 🗑
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| Correlational Research | show 🗑
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| Biological Research | show 🗑
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| Informed consent | show 🗑
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| Deception | show 🗑
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| Confidentiality | show 🗑
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| Debriefing | show 🗑
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| Early Pioneers of Psychology | show 🗑
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| Early Pioneers in Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | Functionalism
1890’s
William James, James Dewey
Investigated “functions” or purposes of behavior
Continued to study the conscious mind
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| show | Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud, Austrian Physician
Late 1800’s, early 1900’s
Study of the unconscious mind
Study of dreams; unconscious material that is brought to surface by counselor
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| Modern Psychology Views | show 🗑
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| show | Gestalt Psychology
Founded by Max Wertheimer
Early 1900’s
Believed in the importance of mental activities
Insisted that experience be studied as a “whole”
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| Neurons | show 🗑
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| There are Three types: | show 🗑
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| show | cell that fills the gaps between neurons
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| Neurons are composed of: | show 🗑
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| Resting Potential | show 🗑
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| During resting potential: | show 🗑
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| Action Potential | show 🗑
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| show | Resting Potential is restored when other channels open, allowing potassium ions to re-enter the axon and sodium ions to exit the axon
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| Myelin | show 🗑
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| show | Speeds neurotransmission
Insulates neurons from each other
Makes neurotransmission more efficient
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| show | is the junction between an axon terminal and an adjacent dendrite or cell body.
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| show | are released from the axon terminal into the synapse when the action potential arrives at the axon terminal.
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| show | the gap between the axon of one neuron and the membrane of another, across which communication occurs
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| show | a site on the dendrite or the cell body where the messenger molecule attaches itself
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| show | affects mood, sleep, appetite
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| Acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| Norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | affects emotional arousal and memory storage
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| GABA | show 🗑
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| show | elevate mood, reduce pain, affect memory
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| show | affect the nervous system to alter mood, emotion, and thought
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| Psychoactive drugs act by: | show 🗑
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| show | enhance neurotransmitter function
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| show | block neurotransmitter function
SSRI – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | show 🗑
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| Meninges (brain) | show 🗑
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| Cerebral Hemisphere (brain) | show 🗑
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| Corpus Callosum (brain) | show 🗑
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| Cerebral Cortex (brain) | show 🗑
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| Sulcus (brain) | show 🗑
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| Cortex is divided into lobes | show 🗑
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| show | registers sensation on the body and is organized by the body
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| show | controls fine movements and is organized by body part
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| Brainstem | show 🗑
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| show | involved in respiration, sleep regulation, dreaming
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| Medulla: | show 🗑
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| show | is an arousal system within the brainstem; plays a role in keeping a person awake and alert
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| Corpus callosum: | show 🗑
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| show | sensory relay area
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| show | involved in emotionality
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| show | feeding, fleeing, mating, fighting, homeostasis
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| Cerebellum: | show 🗑
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| The Endocrine System | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Maintain homeostasis
2. Regulate reproductive system
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| Testosterone (hormone) | show 🗑
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| show | causes women to develop sex characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle
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| Cortisol (hormone) | show 🗑
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| show | examines the influence of genes (versus environment) on behavior
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| show | Twin studies: compare the concordance (agreement) rates between identical and fraternal twins
Adoption studies: compare the similarity between adopted children and their biological/adopted parents
Mutations: examine behaviors in genetically abnormal sub
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| show | examines how evolutionary processes impact behavior
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| show | argued that natural forces select traits that are adaptive for survival
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| Natural selection: | show 🗑
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| show | the process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the external and internal world to the brain
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| show | the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting raw sensory data into useful mental representations of the world
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| How sensation occurs? | show 🗑
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| Transduction: | show 🗑
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| show | Receptor cells in the inner ear convert sound waves/vibrations into electrochemical signals
These signals are carried by neurons to the brain
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| Sensory Adaptation | show 🗑
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| Gate-Control Theory of Pain | show 🗑
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| show | External light falls on receptors within the eye to generate the visual message.
Light = electromagnetic energy that moves in waves
Wavelength of light determines color
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| show | tough, transparent layer
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| Pupil | show 🗑
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| Iris | show 🗑
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| Lens | show 🗑
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| Retina | show 🗑
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| show | carries neural messages to the brain
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| show | tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones and responsible for sharp vision
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| Photoreceptors | show 🗑
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| Rods | show 🗑
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| Cones | show 🗑
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| Sensory Coding | show 🗑
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| show | Receptors within the ear are tuned to detect sound waves (changes in sound pressure level).
Sound waves vary in terms of:
Frequency: corresponds to pitch
Amplitude: corresponds to loudness
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| Sound loudness is measured in | show 🗑
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| Place theory: | show 🗑
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| Frequency Theory: | show 🗑
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| sounds: | show 🗑
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| show | hair cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea bend and fire action potentials at the same rate as the frequency of the sound to the auditory nerve.
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| There are 2 types of deafness (hearing lost): | show 🗑
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| Lock-and-Key Theory: | show 🗑
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| Taste receptors | show 🗑
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| Skin Senses: | show 🗑
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| Vestibular Sense: | show 🗑
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| Kinesthetic Sense: | show 🗑
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| show | Selection refers to choosing which of many stimuli that will be processed.
Organization involves collecting the information into some pattern.
Interpretation involves understanding the pattern
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| show | filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages
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| show | specialized cells in the brain that respond only to certain sensory information
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| Habituation: | show 🗑
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| proposed laws of organization that specify how people perceive form. | show 🗑
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| show | is the tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input.
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Color constancy
Brightness constancy
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| show | is the ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance.
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| show | include retinal disparity and convergence.
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| show | include linear perspective, relative size, texture gradient, light and shadow, and parallax (difference in size/shape of an object due to its being viewed from 2 disparate vantage points).
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| show | Eye contains 3 different color sensitive elements
Blue, green or red elements
Trichromatic theory accounts for color mixing of lights
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| Opponent-Process theory | show 🗑
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| show | is influenced by:
perceptual adaptation
perceptual set
individual motivation
frame of reference
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| Subliminal stimuli | show 🗑
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| Extrasensory Perception | show 🗑
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| Telepathy: | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to perceive objects or events
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| show | the ability to predict the future
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| Psychokinesis: | show 🗑
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