Hydrosphere Unit Test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| cohesion | water attracted to water
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| adhesion | water attracted to other materials
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| specific heat | water's capacity to absorb a lot of heat without raising its temperature
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| polarity | the positive/negative shape of a water molecule
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| surface tension | water's desire to form strong bonds at the surface
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| buoyancy | upward force that water creates on matter
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| capillary action | water's ability to climb and rise
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| density | the mass per unit volume of a substance
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| evaporation | process where liquid water becomes water vapor (gas)
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| condensation | process where water vapor, a gas, in the air turns into liquid water. Condensing water forms clouds
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| precipitation | process where water falls from clouds in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail
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| percolation | process where liquid water moves downward through pores in the ground because of gravity
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| runoff | precipitation that flows over the land getting to lakes, rivers, streams
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| transpiration | process where water within plants evaporate into the atmosphere
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| hydrosphere | all water on earth
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| lithosphere | rock layers of earth
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| atmosphere | all air (gas) layers
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| biosphere | all living things
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| What percent is fresh water? | 3%
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| What percent is saltwater | 97%
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| What percent of fresh water is frozen? | 68.7%
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| What percent of fresh water is groundwater? | 30.1%
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| What percent of fresh water is surface water? | .3%
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| What percent of fresh water is other? | .9%
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| What percent of surface water are lakes and streams? | 87%
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| What percent of surface water are swamps? | 11%
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| What percent of surface water are rivers? | 2%
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| What percent of water is unusable? | 99%
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| What percent of water is usable? | 1%
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| surface water | water on top of the surface
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| channel | path that water follows
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| tributary | a stream that flows into a larger body of water
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| river | a stream that becomes wider, deeper, and larger
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| watershed | also called a drainage basin; are of land that is drained by a water system
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| continental divide | runs through the Rocky Mountains that separates the flow of water in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
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| divide | higher ground that separates watersheds
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| stream | narrow deep channel that is filled with water
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| What are some characteristics for youthful rivers? | -flows very quickly
-erodes their channel
-gets deeper, not wider
-steep gradient
-waterfalls
-strong rapids
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| What are some characteristics for mature rivers? | -medium speed
-erodes channel
-gets wider, not deeper
-no waterfalls
-small rapids
-fed by many tributaries- Ex. French Broad
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| What are some characteristics for old rivers? | -low gradient
-little erosive energy
-floodplains
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| What are some characteristics for rejuvenated rivers? | -land has been raised by tectonic activity
-cut deeply into the valley floor
-forming step-like formations, called terraces
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| deposition | process where material is laid down or dropped
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| erosion | occurs along the outside bank of bend- faster
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| alluvial fan | mass of material deposited by a stream onto the land
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| Where is sediment deposited? | Sediment is deposited where the speed of the water current decreases
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| placer deposits | heavy minerals that deposits at a place in the river where the current slows down
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| delta | fan shaped mass of material deposited at the mouth of a stream (forms in water)
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| dam | a barrier that can redirect the flow of water (hold water in)
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| levee | build up of sediment deposited along the channel of a river (keeps water out)
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| gradient | change in elevation
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| high gradient | high erosive energy
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| low gradient | little erosive energy
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| discharge | amount of water a river carries
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| How is discharge increased? | major storms and melting snow
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| What happens when there is more discharge erosive energy? | the discharge gains in speed and changes its load
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| load | materials carried by a stream
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| What effects the size? | speed effects size
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| speed of larger particles? | faster
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| speed of smaller particles | slower
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| bed load | large rocks and boulders
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| suspended load | smaller rocks and sediments
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| dissolved load | solutions, pollution by products
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| groundwater | water located within the rocks below the earth's surface
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| spring | when the water table reaches the surface water flows out onto the ground
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| zone of aeration | upper zone of underground that water passes through
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| zone of saturation | lower zone where water collects by filling the spaces between rock particles
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| porosity | percentage of open space between individual rocks
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| impermeable | rocks that stops the flow of water
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| permeable | allows water to pass through
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| aquifer | rock layer that stores water and allows to flow freely
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| recharge zone | ground surface where water enters an aquifer (percolation)
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| Artesian Spring | water flows through a crack in the cap rock of the aquifer
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| water table | boundary between 2 zones that change based on water supply
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| cave | formed by underground erosion (dissolving) limestone
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| sinkhole | when the water table is lower than the level of the cave, the roof of the cave can collapse, leaving a circular expression
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| stalactites | water drips through a crack in the cave's ceiling leaving deposits of calcium carbonate
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| stalagmites | water that falls to the cave floor and forms mineral deposits
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| well | a man-made hole that needs to be deeper than the water table
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| Archimedes Principal | states that the buoyancy force on an object in a liquid is equal to the weight of the volume of liquid that the object displaces.
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| liquid displaced (buoyant force) | The magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid
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| liquid displaced (mass) | mass of the boat is equal to the mass of displaced liquid
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| volume underwater | multiply the width, length, and depth of the boat
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| sinking depth | boat mass divided by length times width (or area)
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