NU110
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| coronary artery circulation | systemic circulation that supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste
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| cardiac output (CO) | stroke volume X heart rate
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| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
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| diffusion | process for the exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and the capillaries of the body tissue
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| Hypovelmia | fluid loss = increased heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction
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| Increased Metabolic Rate | decreases oxygen demand = increased in carbon dioxide in the body
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| dysrhythmias | deviation from the normal sinus heart rhythym
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| Valvular heart disease | acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve, characterized by stenosis or regurgitation of blood
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| stenosis | an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure
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| angina pectoris | transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
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| myocardial ischemia | supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands
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| myocardial infarction (heart attack) | sudden decrease in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion
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| hyperventilation | a state of ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate the carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
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| hypoventilation | occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
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| atelectasis | collapse of the alveoli, prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide - results in hypoventilation
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| hypoxia | inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
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| causes of hypoxia | 1) ↓ hemoglobin level & ↓ O2-carrying capacity of the blood
2) diminished concentration of inspired O2
3) inability of tissue to extract oxygen from the blood
4) ↓ diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood
5) poor tissue perfusion with O2 blood
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| cyanosis | blue discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by the presence of desaturated hemoglobin in capillaries (late stage of hypoxia)
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| sputum | mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways
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| diastole | chambers fill
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| systole | chambers empty
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| inspiration | The inhalation of air into the lungs; active process
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| expiration | the act of expelling air from the lungs; passive process
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| orthopnea | shortness of breath when lying flat
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