Penicillin
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| Beta-lactam ring | Portion of penicillin chemical structure responsible for antibacterial activity.
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| Beta lactamase | General term use for any of several enzymes that split the 4 atom beta lactum ring structure
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| Penicillinase | A beta-lactamase that splits the ring in penicillin antibiotics
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| Penicillin-binding proteins(PBPs) | Enzymes used by bacteria to build bacterial cell walls that are targes for penicillins and r/t antibiotics.
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| peptidoglycan | A wall network of carbohydrates and protein chains.
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| Acquired resistance | When a microbe is no longer affected by a drug following treatment with anti-infectives.
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| Aerobic | Oxygen environment
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| Anaerobic | Without oxygen environment
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| Antibiotic | Substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.
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| Anti-infective | General term for any medication that is effective against pathogens.
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| Bacteriocidal | Substance that kills bacteria
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| Bacteriostatic | Inhibits growth of bacteria.
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| Broad-spectrum antibiotic | Effective against a wide range of microorganisms
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| Conjugation | Direct transfer of small pieces of DNA from one bacterium to another.
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| Culture and sensitivity testing (C&S) | Exposing the microbe to antibiotics to determine which antibiotic is effective.
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| Endotoxins | Harmful non-proteins that are part of the normal cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
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| Gram negative | Don’t stain purple because they have an outer envelope.
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| Gram positive | Bacteria that stain purple because they have no outer envelope
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| Host flora | Microorganisms that normally inhabit the body.
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| Invasiveness | Is the ability of a pathogen to grow extremely rapidly and cause direct damage to surrounding tissues by their sheer numbers
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| Microbial antagonism | Conditions of various host flora in competition with each other for physical space and nutrients that helps protect the host from being overrun by pathogenic organisms
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| Mutations | Bacteria makes errors in duplicating genetic codes.
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| Narrow-spectrum antibiotic | An anti-infective that is effective against only one or a small number of organisms.
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| Nosocomial infections | Infections inquired in a hospital.
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| Pathogenicity | Ability of an organism to cause disease in humans
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| Pathogens | Organisms capable of causing disease
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| Superinfections | New infection caused by an organism different from the one causing the initial infection; usually an adverse effect of anti-infective therapy.
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| Virulence | Severity of disease that a pathogen is able to cause.
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